موضوع عن نهر دجلة العراق بالانجليزي

تعبير انجليزي عن دجلة والفرات كلمة دجلة بالانجليزي نهر دجلة بالانجليزي اسم نهر بالانجليزي

اسم فرات بالانجليزي كلمة نهر بالانجليزي اسم انهار بالانجليزي ما معنى نهر النيل بالانجليزي

معنى كلمة rivers تعبير انجليزي عن نهر دجلة كلمة دجلة بالانجليزي اسم نهر بالانجليزي نهر دجله بالانجليزي كلمة نهر بالانجليزي اسم فرات بالانجليزي اسم انهار بالانجليزي معنى كلمة rivers ما معنى نهر النيل بالانجليزي

The Tiger has its source in Turkey, in Taurus, SE. from Elazig, crosses Hazar Lake, then heads to the SE, through the basaltic plateaus and the chain-pieces of the Taurus foothills. He drains the south-eastern borders of Turkey, a country he separates for a few kilometers from Syria.

In the Iraqi Jezirah, the Tigris flows into a vast synclinal depression; it cuts into gorges many links. From Kurdistan, downstream of Mosul, the waters of the Great and Small Zab come to him, then, between Samarra and Balad, the river enters the plain of Mesopotamia (Iraq al-Arabi). Pushed back then to the O. by the cone of the Diyala, it approaches the Euphrates on the outskirts of Baghdad, before sinking again towards the mountains of Zagros. In Kut, the Chatt al-Rharraf, former main course of the river abandoned since the fifteenth century, moves towards the S. and approaches the Euphrates. Downstream from Amara, the river, again deviated to the S. by the Karkheh's alluvial cone, merges with the Euphrates at al-Qurna, 64 km upstream of Basra.

Shorter and more distant from the desert than the Euphrates, the Tiger quickly receives water from the high mountains of Zagros by tributaries with steep slopes. The abundance, violence and irregularity of his diet reveal the influence of these tributaries. The waters of the river are low in summer, but its average flow is eight to ten times higher in April than in October; at Samarra, where the Tiger reaches its highest level (1,254 m3), representing one and a half times that of the Euphrates at Hit, the flow increases regularly in autumn and winter, culminating in the spring rains: in 3 month, from March to May, the Tigris flows more than half of its annual flow and floods part of the Mesopotamian plain below the river bed. The catastrophic floods of the Tigris punctuate the history of Mesopotamia, and the ruins due to natural disasters have repeatedly weakened the resistance of the region to foreign companies. The lower river is much less threatened: downstream of Kut, spring floods feed multiple lakes; infiltration, defluviation, and irrigation canals take four-fifths of the water off the Tigris. Carrying more than 50 million tonnes of alluvium per year, the Tiger constantly changes the topography of its valley.

With the Euphrates, the Tiger saves the Iraqi plain from aridity; sedentary human groups practicing irrigated farming settled in its valley several millennia before JC, and still today the Kurdish nomads leave their mountains to camp in winter, with their flocks, near its banks. But in the natural state, the Tiger regime poses problems of use often insoluble: too short, wreaking havoc, the spring floods do not occur in time for the winter crops and are too early for the summer crops. The development of the river was therefore indispensable. The first constructions of dykes and diversion channels for irrigation were undertaken as early as the 3rd millennium BC This collective work was carried out by the strongly organized cities and states that formed on its shores (Nineveh, on the eastern shore, opposite Mosul, Assour, on the west bank, downstream from Mosul, Ctesiphon, downstream from Baghdad). In Sassanid and Abbasid times, works of art were multiplied, but their maintenance was later neglected and destruction by the Mongols finally ruined them. Freed from its shackles, the Tiger has contributed to the burial or destruction of many vestiges of ancient civilizations, cities, and channels. Constantly reworked and sometimes inherited from very different times, dikes now surround the bed of the river from Balad to Kut and continue discontinuously to the outskirts of Amara, where the irrigation canals and irrigation channels Channeled derivations are particularly numerous. The major equipment works of the modern era were undertaken much later than on the Euphrates: the Kut dam, which feeds on the right bank a range of irrigation canals, was put in service only in 1939; the Samarra Dam, which drifts the floodwaters to Wadi Tharthar, was completed in 1958; the Dukan dam on the Petit Zab was inaugurated in 1961. Nevertheless, many canals are dry during the dry season: the extension of the irrigated sectors devoted to cotton and rice cultivation is mainly due to the multiplication of pumping installations.