تعبير
برجراف مقال نبدة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن
فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي
من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة
وحياته علوم العلوم الفلكية علم الأحياء
علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات
مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب
انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته
ابن خلدون
هو عبد الرحمن بن محمد، ابن خلدون أبو زيد، ولي الدين الحضرمي الإشبيلي (1332 -
1406م، ولد في تونس وشب فيها وتخرّج من جامعة الزيتونة، وليَ الكتابة والوساطة بين
الملوك في بلاد المغرب والأندلس ابن خلدون مؤرخ من شمال أفريقيا، تونسي المولد أندلسي
حضرمي الأصل، كما عاش بعد تخرجه من جامعة الزيتونة في مختلف مدن شمال أفريقيا، حيث
رحل إلى بسكرة وغرناطة وبجاية وتلمسان
ابن خلدون بحث مؤلفات
ابن خلدون كتب من هو ابن خلدون وفاة محمد بن خلدون
الحضرمي ابن خلدون اقوال نشأة
ابن خلدون العلمية تأسيس ابن خلدون لعلم الاجتماع
مقدمة
ابن خلدون مؤسس علم الإجتماع
عالم مسلم
Speech
on universal history. Al-Muqaddima
I admit
that at the first reading of the table of contents, it has a little cool, the
book seemed a little too academic for my taste and a little complicated in view
of the many chapters, chapters and themes addressed. I was afraid of losing
myself in all these disciplines as diverse and varied as they are. But that's
what ultimately makes it so rich. It can really please everyone, from science
readers to amateur readers (of which I am one).
In
addition to this wide range of lessons, I was pleasantly surprised by the
hierarchy and style that the author uses, it brings a real fluidity to reading;
I felt really transported over the chapters.
For the
record, a month after our wedding in 2011, while we were preparing to do the
inventory of the old apartment of my husband, I check that the cupboards are
all empty. It is there that in one of the cupboards of the top I fall on old
clothes, empty sachets, some diskettes and books: Speech on the Universal
history volume 1, 2, 3 ... and this condensed book Al Muqaddima. The latter had
been given to him, a few years ago, by one of his colleagues who got rid of
what they did not read.
At the
time I was challenged by the name of the author, I confess that the name told
me something but no more ... After making inquiries, I discovered to my
surprise, that the courses of Islamic thought to which I participated at the
time in one of the local mosques, and I drank content without satiety, referred
to it. I could not, do not read it! But like many of us I suppose, this book
drowned among others. Finally, arrives the site Autourdelislam and more
precisely the first episode of Sira, which returns on the interest, for
everyone, but especially for the Muslim, to study history with a large H;
Another nod to this book, I could not not read it! Lol ... ..And here I am
today, sharing this reading with you.
The
author:
Ibn
Khaldoun was born in Tunis in 1332 and died in Cairo in 1406. From Parents
Yemeni immigrants in Andalusia and Morocco after being driven from Seville
during the Spanish conquest, it was one of the greatest Muslim scholars. He is
a historian, philosopher, diplomat and North African politician. He has held
various political positions under various leaders in Morocco, Tunisia and Spain
where he was ambassador for the King of Granada. He spent the last years of his
life in Egypt, where he was Supreme Judge Malikite several times.
The
book: Speech on Universal History. Al-Muqaddima
Also
known as the Prolegomena, this book is a kind of introduction to one of Ibn
Khaldun's greatest works. Speech on Universal History, a work of more than 1300
pages.
In this
book, Ibn Khaldoun rethinks history, which until then was considered an art,
the art of telling the facts. It makes it a discipline in its own right, a
Science governed by the life of men in society. While I was immersed in the
heart of the Arab-Muslim civilization, the various experiences, observations and
personal reflections of the author, gave me a new and timeless look on History.
Frankly, nowadays we can not say that society favors reflection, we are rather
in "ready to think", in a certain immediacy. Well, this book was
really a driving force for me. It has aroused in me a great curiosity ... I
will not say more, for the moment.
The book
is structured in three parts, themselves subdivided into chapters and
subchapters, which we will quote in order to have a sketch of the richness of
this book and the different themes addressed.
Part
one: History as a science of civilization
-
Chapter I: History and the profession of historian
-
Chapter II: Explanatory principles
-
Chapter III: General Sociology of Civilization
After
having begun his work by defining the concept of History, as a science of the
study of civilizations in all its aspects; Ibn Khaldoun emphasizes the
indispensable characteristics that any historian must have, especially a
detailed knowledge of the different peoples, customs, religions, etc. to
facilitate analysis and understanding of events.
Here,
the author invites us to have a critical mind, to question us, to seek
explanations, to check, to develop our knowledge in order to try to draw
lessons of conduct.
Then, he
delicately combines religion and intellect, and thus conceptualizes Sociology.
In fact, he made divine prescriptions a code of conduct, somehow a set of rules
and behaviors to be respected in society.
Part
Two: Elements of Political Philosophy
-
Chapter IV: Conditions of sovereignty
-
Chapter V: Autopsy of Empires
-
Chapter VI: Political Economy
-
Chapter VII: Socio-historical analyzes
In this
second part, the author is interested in society, in its more internal aspects,
in what intrinsically composes it. It reviews several things: different types
of government, different social classes, occupations and other occupations of
men, different lifestyles (rural, urban, nomadic ...), religion, quality of
life ... and in analyzes the influence on social life; Thus studying the origin
of civilizations, their development and their disappearance. And it leads to
the conclusion of a cyclical pattern of history.
There
for the autornauts (followers of around Islam in particular), I can not help
but remake a nod to the episode 01 of Sira which addresses, among others, this
question of the cycle of history. Here again, Ibn Khaldun draws a parallel
between empires and men, who only come together in society to help them find
means of subsistence, then they gradually leave an appetite for superfluous
things to develop, until the next step: to install rivalries between them.
This
ultimately leads to their failures, their decline, giving way to other nascent
civilizations and so on. And in this civilizational cycle, one can notice that,
parallel to the different stages of the social development of man, there is a
corresponding religious state.
Part
Three: Theory of Knowledge
-
Chapter VIII: The Sciences
-
Chapter IX: Philosophy
-
Chapter X: Varia
Here it
is about Knowledge, knowledge. The author defines it as a whole, each branch of
science being part of a whole.
To do
research in one discipline would be, according to him, a waste of time! This is
where the notion of hierarchization of the different sciences comes into play,
led by the religious sciences, followed by the so-called intellectual sciences
(metaphysics, mathematics, etc.). Then, before enumerating and analyzing each
discipline of intellectual sciences, Ibn Khaldoun offers us some reflections on
the history of sciences, their development and the transmission of knowledge.
All the
sciences are approached there, by passing from the medicine, the agriculture
...... to the alchemy, the magic, the science of the dreams ... The most
important thing to raise in this part is that it invites us to to remove from
our minds this false dichotomy, with religion on one side and reason on the
other. No, on the contrary! This is where I felt that the author is not for a
passive practice of religion, but rather thoughtful.
We are
invited to this or that cult act, okay! But what did the legislator mean by
this act? This questioning is not an invitation to question a divine
prescription or our submission to Allah, on the contrary, I lived it as an
invitation to understand our spirituality to better live!
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