بحث عن الحسن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزية

تعبير برجراف مقال  نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة

،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story

بحث نشأة وحياته  علوم العلوم الفلكية  علم الأحياء  علم النبات  الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم  معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي  معلومة عن مختصرة

الكتب انجازات وفاة  مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته باختصار مترجم العالم

أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم (354 هـ/965م-430 هـ/1040م) عالم موسوعي مسلم قدم إسهامات كبيرة في الرياضيات والبصريات والفيزياء وعلم الفلك والهندسة وطب العيون والفلسفة العلمية والإدراك البصري سيرته أعماله كتاب المناظر نظرية الرؤية المنهج العلمي مسألة ابن الهيثم أعمال فيزيائية أخرى الأبحاث البصرية الفيزياء الفلكية أعماله في علم الفلك معلومات عن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزي من هو ابن هيثم انجازات ابن الهيثم ابن الهيثم تعليمه وتحصيله العلمي بحث عن الحسن بن الهيثم كامل ابن الهيثم الكتب وفاة ابن الهيثم ibn al haytham inventions

Biography

Alhazen was born in Basra in 965 in present-day Iraq, where he received an education which he completed, however, in the city of Baghdad. At the time, Basra was under the control of the Buwayhid dynasty that reigned over Persia. That's why he is sometimes referred to as al-Basri. Although this version is not accepted by everyone, most people agree that he died in Cairo in Egypt in 1039.

Alhazen began his scientific career in his hometown of Basra. However, he was summoned by the Caliph Hakim who wanted to control the floods of the Nile that hit Egypt year after year. After conducting an expedition through the desert to the source of the famous river, Alhazen realized that this project was practically impossible. Back in Cairo, he feared that the caliph, who was furious at his failure, would take revenge and decide to feign madness. The caliph confined himself to the house arrest.

Alhazen took advantage of this forced leisure to write several books on various subjects such as astronomy, medicine, mathematics, scientific method and optics. The exact number of his writings is not known with certainty but there is talk of a number between 80 and 200. Few of these works, in fact, have survived to this day. Some of them, those on cosmology and its treatises on optics in particular, have survived only thanks to their Latin translation.

After the death of the Caliph Hakim, in 1021, Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) stopped feigning his madness and was able to leave his residence. He took the opportunity to undertake some trips, including Al-Andalus (Spain today). He died in 1039.

  His research

Most of his research was in geometrical and physiological optics. He was one of the first physicists to study light, one of the first engineers and one of the first astronomers. Contrary to a popular belief, he was the first to explain why the sun and the moon seem bigger (it was long believed that it was Ptolemy) [9], he also establishes that the light of the moon comes from the sun [ 10]. It is also he who contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light. According to him, if the eye was designed this way we could see the night. He understood that the sunlight was scattered by the objects and then entered the eye [11].

He was also the first to illustrate the anatomy of the eye with a diagram. Since this diagram is not novel in relation to Galen's anatomical knowledge, there is still some doubt as to whether it was copied from an ancient Greek manuscript, or whether it arose from a contemporary dissection [12].

He also stated a theory about judgment and recognition of objects. He notices that we recognize only the objects we know, and that the image of an object persists for some time after we have closed our eyes. Recognition is therefore based on memory and is not just a sensation related to judgment, because we do not recognize objects that are unknown to us. He also studied the mechanics of movement and said that a moving object continues to move as long as no force stops it. The principle of inertia will be stated by Galileo and will be rigorously formulated by Newton

In astronomy he tried to measure the height of the atmosphere and found that the phenomenon of twilight (sunrise and sunset light without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction: the sun's rays must not exceed an angle of 19 ° with the atmosphere. He also spoke of the attraction of the masses and it is believed that he knew the gravitational acceleration He also said that the moon shone like a light source, but that it borrowed its light from the sun.

Alhazen has written several books on optics. In his Kitāb fi'l Manāzir (Optical Treatise), a book devoted to optical physics and which he took six years to write (1015-1021), he scientifically proves Aristotle's theory of intromission that the light enters the eye. It proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides at 90 ° with the eye that we will see the object reflecting the ray. The image, according to Alhazen, was formed on the lens.

In the same field, he says that the eye could perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the movement of something. He also proved that the eye actually perceives two images even if we only see one by the demonstration and not by the logic and the beauty of the reasoning. This book was translated into Latin in 1270 and pleased the scientists of the Middle Ages. According to him the refraction of the light is caused by a slowing or an acceleration of the light in its displacement. In a denser medium the light travels more slowly according to Alhazen. It also finds a ratio between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction but this ratio is constant only when it is the same material that refracts the radius. He does all his work in a dark room which we owe him the invention. It explains the magnifying power of lenses.

In the book V devoted to the catadioptric of his treatise on optics, there is a discussion of the question known today as the problem of Alhazen billiards, which was first proposed by Ptolemy in 150. The problem can be summarized as follows: either two balls A and B placed at any two points of a perfectly circular billiard. Find the point on the edge on which the ball A must be sent to return to hit the ball B after bouncing once. Alhazen was able to find it through conic sections, but he failed to prove it using mathematical algebra reasoning. Leonardo da Vinci designed an instrument with an articulated system to build a mechanical solution to Alhazen's problem. Several scientists have tried to solve this problem like Christian Huygens but it was only in 1997 that Peter M. Neumann, professor at Oxford, demonstrated that the solution uses a fourth degree equation and can not be solved with a rule. and a compass

  Heritage

Alhazen was a few centuries ahead of several discoveries made by Western scientists during the Renaissance. He was one of the first to use a method of scientific analysis and greatly influenced scientists like Roger Bacon and Kepler.

His doctrine was disseminated in the West by the writings of Roger Bacon and De perspectiva de Vitellion

Alhazen is highly esteemed by the scientific population. His portrait is also on the Iraqi ticket of 10,000 dinars. Another tribute to Alhazen was to name the asteroid (59239) Alhazen in his honor.