تحدث عن ابي بالانجليزي
جمل عن الاب بالانجليزي
تعبير عن الاب
بالانجليزي طويل
تعبير عن الاب بالانجليزي قصير
تعبير عن الوالدين بالانجليزي مترجم
توبيكات عن الاب بالانجليزي
تعبير عن الاب قصير جدا
كلمات عن الاب والام بالانجليزي
خواطر بالانجليزي عن الاب
تحدث عن والدك بالانجليزي
Introduction
Although there is increasing interest in
fathers in development research, the centrality of mothers has remained largely
unchallenged. In many cultural settings, children grow in close contact with
many caregivers in their families and communities, but the role of these
individuals is also much less addressed in development studies. In various
ecological contexts, it has almost always been assumed that the father's role
is primarily that of the provider.
The involvement of the father in the
family, beyond this role of provider, has varied historically according to
socio-cultural traditions and personal choices, so that there are several
levels of paternal involvement and several trajectories of paternal influence
on developing offspring.1 Most of our beliefs about father involvement in child
care come from societies where monogamy prevails; but, again, monogamous
couples are not always sustainable.2 In non-industrialized cultures, monogamy
is only 17% of households, polygyny being the most common form of union.3 Given
this historical and cultural diversity in the forms of marriage and family, it
becomes essential to expand our frame of reference to understand the role of
the male parent in the lives of children.
The study of other species reveals that
biological limitations have not prevented male parents, in insects, birds and
mammals, from becoming heavily involved in the task of feeding offspring. This
task is one of many activities (for example, protecting the little ones) that
facilitate the success of reproduction. In humans, the role of the mother is
clearly defined in all cultures: she is the main caregiver. Expectations for
men who become fathers have been more variable. Over time, many expectations of
traditional roles have been challenged and modified to suit changing economic,
social and cultural needs. Although a growing number of women are working
outside the home, they continue to be the primary caregivers responsible for
the home. For their part, more and more men are going beyond their traditional
role to participate in the care and education of children. Thus, nowadays,
ideals and practices of the paternal role are more debated and more variable
than those concerning the maternal role, and they undergo a more important
transition than these.4
Subject
To understand the changing needs of
families and their implications for children, it is essential to review the
role of
father in the care and socialization of
children. Research from different species highlights the variability in the level
of involvement of the male parent, ranging from complete absence to an
intensively involved presence in the offspring diet (eg, by regurgitation).
Anthropological studies also indicate a close proximity and involvement of
fathers in hunter-gatherer societies.5 It is essential to examine the scope of
different levels of father involvement and investment to better understand the
history and culture of fatherhood.
Problems
The diversity of situations in which
fatherhood is built today creates multiple positions from which fathers can
assume their responsibilities to family members. Ecological, economic, social
and cultural requirements must be examined with a renewed and nuanced
understanding of fathers (men), father's actions as parent, and fatherhood
(conceptions and beliefs) .4 In comparison with the diversity of paternity
experiences as they are truly experienced in the world, the academic
understanding of paternity in developmental psychology remains unclear,
reflecting above all the reality of white and educated middle-class parents in
Europe and the United States . Similar criticisms of our analysis of mothers
have also been issued.6
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