،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية
علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم الفلكية علم الأحياء
علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات
مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة
عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته
محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد
اللواتي الطنجي المعروف بابن بَـطُّوطَة (ولد في 24 فبراير 1304 - 1377م بطنجة)
(703 - 779هـ) هو رحالة ومؤرخ وقاض وفقيه مغربي أمازيغي عربي مسلم لقب بـأمير الرحالين المسلمين مختصرة انجازات رحلات وفاة
قصة ابن بطوطه مختصر تقرير بطوطة يُعتبر الرحّالة المغربي ابن بطوطة من أكثر
الشخصيات صفات وصف ابرز ما اشتهر به ابن بطوطة متى توفي ابن بطوطة لماذا سمي ابن بطوطة
سيرة ابن بطوطة Ibn
Battuta
The story of Ibn Battuta
IBN BATTÛTA: LIFE
AND TRAVEL
Ibn Battuta
(1307-1377) in Egypt - in Discovery of the earth by Jules Verne, 19th century.
Jerusalem since
1947: an ambiguous status - 21/08/17
Moroccan cultural
diplomacy - 05/04/17
History of
settlements negotiations in the West Bank (1/2) - 23/01/17
Ibn Battuta's
Travels remained known only to the Muslim world until the nineteenth century,
when they were translated into German, then English and French. However, his
travel account has dedicated a literary genre in its own right, the rihla,
genre initiated by his predecessor and other great Arab traveler Ibn Jubayr
(1). "Rihla is the Arabic word for travel and, later, the story of it. (2)
Who was Ibn Battuta? What was his contribution to Arabic science and literature
of the fourteenth century?
Life of Ibn
Battuta
In a few details,
all the information we have about Ibn Battuta comes from his personal writings.
In his work co-authored in 1356 with Ibn Juzzay, he recounts his adventures and
his many journeys that led him to the four corners of the known world from 1325
to 1354. We learn that Abu Abdallah Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier in 1304,
under the Marinid dynasty. He studied Koranic law and left Tangier in order to
make the pilgrimage to Mecca, or hajj, in 1325. He reached Arabia in a year and
a half, visiting North Africa, Egypt, Palestine and Syria. On his pilgrimage in
1326, he discovered Persia and Iraq, then returned to Mecca. He then embarked
for West Africa, sailing to Kilwa, now Tanzania, after passing through
Mogadishu, Mombasa and Zanzibar. On his return, he visits Oman and the Persian
Gulf before returning to Mecca.
Around the year
1330, he hit the road again. He decides to go to India in order to be hired by
the Sultan of Delhi. To do this, he travels for three years. It passes through
Egypt, Syria, Constantinople, Asia Minor, the Black Sea and Afghanistan. Ibn
Battuta remained eight years in India, employed by Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultan
of Delhi. He is given a qadi post, a judge. In 1341, the ruler commissioned him
to carry out an expedition to the court of the Mongol Emperor of China. As the
ship stranded in south-west India, Ibn Battuta took the opportunity to travel
for two years in the Maldives, southern India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). In
the Maldives, he exercises a qadi function. In 1345, he traveled to India by
sea. He took the opportunity to visit Bengal, Burma, Sumatra Island and
south-east China to Canton. He claims to have traveled to Beijing by land, but
this claim is questionable.
In 1346-1347, Ibn
Battuta returned to Mecca and there performed the last hajj. In 1349 he
returned to Morocco, then visit Granada. Finally in 1353, he completed his last
voyage, which led him through the Sahara to Mali and Sudan. In 1355, he settled
in Morocco not to leave again.
It was the sultan
of Morocco who commissioned in 2013 a young scholar of Andalusian origin, Ibn
Juzzay, to transcribe all the adventures of Ibn Battuta. His travel story is
written in the first person and gives us all the information we have about the
Moroccan. We learn that he married and repudiated a large number of women, and
took an even larger number as concubines. We also know that he led a life of
courtier, subsisting with the graces that brought him the powerful countries he
visited. We understand above all the importance of religion in its journey,
because Ibn Battuta was above all a Muslim traveler.
PNG - 181.9 kb
A Muslim traveler
He identifies
himself as such, and the religious dimension occupies a prominent place in his
book. The peculiarity of his trip is that he performs it within the Muslim
community, within the dar-al-islam. He leaves Morocco after religious studies.
The traditional Muslim formation involves for the student in religious sciences
to travel with the different religious masters of the world in order to acquire
a great knowledge. The character of the traveler has a certain reputation
within the Muslim community.
The countries
crossed, although foreign to Ibn Battuta, are still familiar to him by
religion. With the exception of his stage in China, Ibn Battuta has always been
in contact with Muslim populations, or at least non-Muslim populations but led
by Muslim dynasts. That's the big difference with Marco Polo. The latter
ventures into distant lands with which he shares nothing, and in which he is
totally alien. Only the specific and particular political context of his time
allowed him to make this long journey. Unlike Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta is no
stranger in the countries he passes through. He is known for his knowledge of
religion, and travels (almost) freely from one country to another. He finds
work as qadi in India and the Maldives.
North Africa was
at the time considered by Muslim thinkers as a region where religion remained
unified and pure, preserved from the appearance of sects, unlike Arabia and Persia
where Shiism and various Islamic sects divide the Muslims. Ibn Battuta shares
this idea of Maghreb superiority vis-à-vis the rest of
the Muslim world, and refers to it several times in his rihla. It is in his
capacity as a Muslim judge that Ibn Battuta travels the Islamic countries and
attracts the graces of the powerful. The stated objective of the narrative and
Journeys is to provide "proof that the Islamic community exists and that
through its religious and social practice, through its solidarity, and despite
its apparent divisions, it remains one and indivisible. (3) He performs Hajj
several times, visits Egypt and Syria, the historical centers of Islam. But he
also goes to the farthest reaches of Islam: Tanzania, India, Grenada, Mali,
Sudan ... He emphasizes the unity of religious practice, but also highlights
the schisms that oppose Muslims. Moreover, it appears from the whole of his
story that tensions are stronger within the Muslim world than between Islam and
other religions (4).
Ibn Battuta wrote
his Travels to a Muslim public warned of the political-religious context of
dar-al-Islam of the fourteenth century. He did not necessarily explain elements
that seemed trivial to him but that would have brought many keys of
understanding to the Western reader. This is partly why it has long remained
unknown to Europeans.
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