موضوع انجليزي عن الامارات

تقرير عن الامارات العربية المتحدة بالانجليزي اسماء الامارات مدن الامارات

تعبير عن السياحه  تقرير قصير تعبير عن دوله بالانجليزي تعبير بالانجليزي عن زيارة دولة

تعبير عن رحله  تقرير انجليزي عن الامارات معلومات عن دولة الإمارات بالإنجليزي

دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة المعاصرة برجراف عن دولة الامارات  للصف التاسع تقرير عن تراث  اسماء الامارات السبع  مطوية  موضوع عن ثقافة  الامارات قبل الاتحاد بالانجليزي

 

 Language policy

The United Arab Emirates has developed a language policy for Arabization since independence. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2 December 1971 proclaims that the Union is part of the great Arab nation to which it is bound by religion, language, history and a common destiny:

The language of the state

In fact, the UAE has two languages, one for the written and the other for the oral. While classical Arabic serves as a written language for the state and the media, Gulf Arabic serves as the oral language for government, administration, the military, police, business, and so on. The state is managed in Gulf Arab, but it is classical Arabic that serves as the lingua franca between the Arabic-speaking populations. With non-Arabic speakers, English is replacing classical Arabic.

It is the native population of the Emirates who controls the affairs of government, parliament, police, etc. This is why Gulf Arabic, an essentially oral language, is used everywhere. Most officials therefore speak Gulf Arabic, but also classical Arabic when circumstances require it, sometimes English in some federal administrations. It is in Arab Gulf that one discusses the laws written in classical Arabic, it is in Arabic of the Gulf that one comments the administrative regulations offered in classical Arabic. In the courts, classical Arabic is the official language, but defendants, witnesses and lawyers can speak Arabic in the Gulf or English in all federal courts. In municipalities (local courts), it is Arabic with the services of an interpreter if necessary. That said, it is better not to have litigation with Emirates citizens (the "locals"), because the country's justice may not be completely impartial. Centralized government services are therefore offered in Gulf Arabic (with locals), in classical Arabic (with other Arabic speakers) and in English (with Western and Asian foreigners).

Languages of education

Education has been a priority for the UAE government. Today, there are more than 290,000 Emirati children in government schools in the country. Each village has a primary school and the larger cities have secondary schools. Education is free for everyone at all levels, including the university. School uniforms, manuals, equipment and transportation are also provided free of charge. Boys and girls have equal access to education, but they must attend separate schools. Most teachers come from other Arab countries. The illiteracy rate was 77% in 1980, but only 76% in 2000. There is also a large network of private schools. Almost 40% of students in the Emirates are enrolled in private schools.

In public schools, the language of instruction is classical Arabic, and it is in this language that primary and secondary schools are taught. The second most taught languages are English, French and Spanish. In private schools, the languages of instruction may be English, French, German, Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Farsi, etc. Americans have established English-language schools for English-speaking children in the UAE; the French also have some. In 1977, the United Arab Emirates founded a national university (the University of the United Arab Emirates) that was modeled after the American system. The two teaching languages are classical Arabic and English. However, in Dubai, the American University (American University) only teaches in English. The UAE government encourages students to go to university (about 11 percent) with generous bursaries and cash prizes when they graduate. Students who want to study abroad, especially in the United States and Great Britain, are funded by the government.

The media

The United Arab Emirates Constitution in principle guarantees freedom of the press, but the editorial and political content of the newspapers remains highly controlled, especially for the Arabic-language press; the English press enjoys more freedom. The print media, officially private companies, are actually subsidized by the authorities. Legislation of 1988 requires the registration of all publications and lists the authorized subjects. Journalists practice self-censorship when it comes to domestic politics, ruling families in the emirate, religion or relations with neighboring countries (especially Saudi Arabia). For its part, the foreign press is censored before distribution.

The UAE has a wide variety of print and electronic media. Among the newspapers in Arabic are Al Bayan, Al Ittihad, Al Khaleej, Al Shindagah, Al Fajr, Al-Wahda, etc. Other newspapers are in English: Gulf News (daily), Emirates Today (daily), Khaleej Times, Abu Dhabi News, Emirates News, etc.

The radio stations are very numerous (about thirty). Most broadcast in classical Arabic and / or Gulf Arabic. Some broadcast in English, including FM 92, UAE Radio Dhabi and Voice of the UAE. Umm al Qiwan Radio broadcasts in several languages, including Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, English and French. For its part, Hum FM broadcasts in Hindi-Urdu.

As for television, there are programs in classical Arabic, English, French, Hindi-Urdu, and Sinhalese. The following table presents a summary of the situation for national television channels.

Designation of national channels Status Type of programming Broadcast language

UAE-Channel 4 Ajman TV private generalist Arabic

EDTV Emirates Dubai Private TV information, sports, Arabic and English entertainment

UAE-TV Sharjah private generalist Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, English and French

UAE TV- Abu Dhabi Arabic General Public (Channel 1), English and French (Channel 2)

UAE TV- Dubai general public Arabic, English and French

UMM AL-Khaimah Broadcasting Private General Arabic, Sinhalese and Urdu

The language policy of the United Arab Emirates is one of Arabic unilingualism, but Arabic dialectal (Gulf Arabic) and classical Arabic diglossia is common. There are no linguistic minorities in the UAE, except religious, in the legal sense of the term. Arabic speakers must speak Arabic, others English. The notion of linguistic minority does not exist because other languages are considered as immigrant languages, thus ignored, as is the case in most countries of the world. In fact, the UAE has a certain Arab-English bilingualism to allow greater harmonization among the many foreign workers. In state affairs, it is the promotion of the official language and the maintenance of Gulf Arabic in informal communications. However, in private schools and in the media, it is non-intervention and multilingualism that prevails, with dominance for English.

In any case, the United Arab Emirates is reputed to easily violate human rights. In these circumstances, the question of minority groups of immigrant origin is a marginal problem.

From 1820, the "Pirate Coast" fell under the guidance of the British who sought to protect their famous "Indian Road". They imposed on the Arabs the Treaty of the Truce and transformed the region into a British protectorate, called "Truce States" ("Trucial States"). This almost unilateral treaty forced the UAE, as well as Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait, to maintain no political or economic relationship with any country other than Great Britain ... in exchange for its protection. As the wars were over, the coastal populations resumed their traditional fishing for fine pearls; this industry flourished until 1930. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that some Arab schools were founded by pearl merchants in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. The schools were staffed by foreign teachers who taught children reading, writing and Islamic studies, all in classical Arabic.

The Emirates really entered the history of international relations when the question of borders with their northern neighbor, Saudi Arabia, then under American protection, was raised in 1933. The delimitation of the borders posed the problem of the distribution of immense reserves oil companies gradually updated. The economic crises of the 1930s forced some schools to close, but some eventually reopened in the early 1950s. The first oil deposit in the UAE was discovered in 1953 in Abu Dhabi. The seven sheikhs suffered, on the one hand, from the pressure of the British inviting them to grant them concessions, and had to cope, on the other hand, with the changes of a traditional economy essentially based on pearl culture, which entered into crisis at the beginning. during the 1930s because of Japan's invention of cultured pearls. The British government built schools in Abu Dhabi, Ras al-Khaimah and Khawr Fakkan and even a school of agriculture in Ras al-Khaimah in 1955, and a technical school in Sharjah in 1958.

The exploitation of the oil concessions began after the Second World War. In 1950, a council of the Emirates was created under the British who ceded the country in 1968. During the British regime, English settled in the Public Administration, but never reached the local population.