تعبير برجراف مقال نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير
موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات
بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب ..
أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم
الفلكية علم الأحياء علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص
مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه
تلامذته باختصار
عن ابن
الرازي باللغة الانجليزية معلومات عن ابو بكر الرازي بالانجليزي
باختصار الكيمياء abu bakr
al razi achievements
أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن زكريا الرازي (ح. 250 هـ/864
م - 5 شعبان 311هـ/19 نوفمبر 923م عالم
وطبيب مسلم من علماء العصر الذهبي للعلوم، وصفته سيغريد هونكه في كتابها شمس الله تسطع
على الغرب "أعظم أطباء الإنسانية على الإطلاق"، حيث ألف كتاب الحاوي في الطب،
الذي كان يضم كل المعارف الطبية منذ أيام الإغريق حتى عام 925م وظل المرجع الطبي الرئيسي
في أوروبا لمدة 400 عام بعد ذلك التاريخ
درس الرياضيات والطب والفلسفة والفلك والكيمياء
والمنطق والأدب .
Al-Razi (864 - 932) (Rhazes)
Biography
It is Mohamed Ibn Zakaria
al-Razi, Abu Bakr, a doctor, chemist and Muslim philosopher known among the
Latins under the name of Rhazes. Historians are unanimous in recognizing that
al-Razi is the greatest physician of Islam and the most illustrious of the Middle
Ages, "and one of the most famous doctors of all time ... endowed with
such knowledge that he was versed in each of the sciences and each of the arts.
"1 Ibn Khallikan described him as:" The imam of his time in the field
of medicine and the most sought after. He excelled in this industry, which he
practiced with skill and skill, familiar with his ins and outs, and solicited
by questors from afar for educational purposes. "
Born in Rayy, south of Tehran,
al-Razi studied mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, chemistry, logic and
literature, before going on to study medicine with Is'haq. Ibn Hunain, past
master in Greek, Persian and Indian medicine. Although he had studied medicine
after his forties3, he had accomplished remarkable accomplishments that earned
him great fame. He was chief of Rayy's hospital, then head of the Baghdad
hospital which was built by the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.4
Scientific contributions
Al-Razi's contributions to
medicine are many and varied. We will therefore confine ourselves to mentioning
only the principal ones, notably that of the interest which he granted to the
clinical observation relative to the evolution of the disease according to the
dispensed medicine, as well as the evolution of the patient and the result of
treatment.5 Just as he was the first to be interested in the psychosomatic
aspect in the diagnosis of diseases, noting, for example, that certain
abdominal diseases were caused, in the first place, by psychosomatic causes. .
The diagnoses of smallpox and measles are among the most important medical
achievements of al-Razi, who meticulously described the two diseases, in
particular their first symptoms and their method of treatment. He emphasized
the importance of practice, experience and experimentation in treating
patients. Besides, he experimented the new remedies on the animals before
prescribing them to the patients.
Westerners recognize the
innovations of al-Razi in gynecology and obstetrics, as well as in venereal
diseases and eye surgery.6 He also addressed the problem of facial paralysis
and sought to identify the causes. He was thus able to distinguish between
paralysis caused by a cause specific to the brain and that of local origin.
Al-Razi also described the ramifications of the nerves in the rib cage. He is
also among the first to apply chemical knowledge to medicine and to link the
patient's healing to a chemical reaction in his body.
Al-Razi was not only a great
doctor, but also a major chemist.7 He is one of the first to make chemistry an
exact science. Some researchers go so far as to consider him as the founder of
modern chemistry. He has undertaken important chemical experiments in the
preparation of acids, employing, for this purpose, methods which are still in
use today. He is also the first to mention sulfuric acid, which he called
"vitriol oil" or "green vitriol". He practiced the
extraction of alcohol by distillation of starchy and fermented carbohydrate
substances, which he used in pharmacy for the production of medicines and
remedies.8
Chemistry is clearly indebted to
al-Razi for its decomposition of the chemical elements into three groups,
namely, vegetable, animal and mineral, a classification that has remained
constant even in modern chemistry today.9
Works
Al-Razi has written a series of
works that, according to some, exceed two hundred and twenty titles. Only a few
remain, the majority of these works having been lost.
In medicine, for example, al-Razi
has written a number of important works that include, besides his own
innovative experiences, the Greek and Indian sciences. The most important of
these books are:
- "Al Hawi" (The
Container), which comes at the top of everything he wrote, is the largest
Arabic medical encyclopedia. He has collected excerpts from the Greek and Arab
doctors, adding the results to which his personal experiences and opinions have
led. The work was translated into Latin, in 1279, by the Jewish physician
"Faraj Ibn Salem", by order of King Charles I, King of Sicily, under
the title of Continens, the Greek equivalent of the term "al-Hawi".
In Europe, the greatest scholars have used the book, translated many times,
until 1542, and remained their source of reference in their schools and
universities until the sixteenth century.
- "Al-Judari wal
Hassaba" (Smallpox and Measles): includes a scrupulous and detailed
description of those two conditions and ways of treating them. It was
translated into Latin in Venice, in 1565, and then in several other European
languages. He published forty times in Europe between 1498 and 1866.10
- "Tibb al-Fuqaraa"
(The Medicine of the Poor): This is a popular dictionary in which it describes
all the diseases, their symptoms, and the methods of treatment by an
inexpensive diet, rather than by the acquisition of expensive drugs and rare
compounds.
- "Kitab 'Al-Mansouri'"
(Book of al-Mansouri): In this work, whose name is associated with that of
al-Mansour Ibn Is'haq, governor of Khorasan, al-Razi addresses a multitude of
subjects such as surgery, and diseases of the eyes and abdomen. It was
published for the first time in Milan, in 1481, and translated into Latin. It
was adopted by doctors of European universities until the seventeenth century.
In chemistry, his most famous
work is:
- "Al-Asrar Wire
Kimiyae" (The secrets of chemistry), where he describes the method adopted
by him in conducting chemical experiments, as well as how to prepare the
chemical materials and how they are used. He also describes the devices and
tools used in his experiments.
In astronomy, al-Razi is
distinguished by his work:
- "Kitab Hay'atul
Aalam" (The aspect of the universe), in which he brings the proof
"that the earth revolves around two axes, that the sun is larger than the
earth, and that the moon is less large "11
Al-Razi has authored other books
in medicine, pharmacy, astronomy, mathematics, physics, logic, philosophy, and
jurisprudence.
Ultimately, it can be said that
al-Razi contributed, through his writings and inventions, actively to the
progress of medicine and chemistry, as well as to the development of research
in these fields. These books remained for European universities a source of
reference in medicine until the seventeenth century.
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