تعبير برجراف مقال نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير
موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات
بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب ..
أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم
الفلكية علم الأحياء علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص
مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه
تلامذته باختصار مترجم
موضوع انجليزي عن الخوارزمي بحث عن العلماء باللغة الانجليزية موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور العالم معلومات عن الخوارزمي مختصرة
al khawarizmi biography al-khwarizmi
أبو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي عالم رياضيات وفلك مسلم يكنى
باسم الخوارزمي وأبو جعفر قيل أنه ولد حوالي 164هـ781م (وهو غير مؤكد) وقيل أنه توفي
بعد 232 هـ أوائل
علماء الرياضيات المسلمين حيث ساهمت أعماله بدور كبير في تقدم الرياضيات الخوارزمي
انجازات الخوارزمي اختراعات الخوارزمي الخوارزمي عالم الرياضيات اسمه ونشاته معلومات
عن الخوارزمي بالانجليزي اين ولد الخوارزمي
مؤلفات الخوارزمي بحث عن الخوارزمي كامل تعليمه
وتحصيله العلمي الخوارزمي
الخوارزميات معلومات عن الخوارزمي بس بالانجلش
سيرة ذاتية عن الخوارزمي بالانجليزي بسيطة
Al-Khwarizmi Muhammad ibn Moussa
is a native of Khiva (Uzbekistan) in the former province of Kharezm, also
transcribed Khwarizm (present-day Uzbekistan) and ancient name of Khiva, hence
its name (Al-Biruni).
He was an astronomer under the
rule of the Caliph Abd Allah al Mahmoun (786-833) who encouraged philosophy and
science by ordering the translation (827) of the texts of ancient Greece. Thus,
for example, was known the work of Ptolemy, known as Al Majisti (the great):
the Almagest.
The notoriety of Al-Khwarizmi
came to us through the centuries less by his talents as an astronomer than by
his intervention in the art of algebraic calculus: he is the author of the
famous book Kitab Al jabr w'al mouqabala, transliteration Latin of the Arab
title, ie: Book on the science of transposition and reduction.
This treatise, written at the
request of the Caliph Al Mamoun of Baghdad (813-833), places Al-Khwarizmi as
one of the first algebrists, but this work would have been inspired by those of
the Indian Brahmagupta. The Indian influence is found in the use of the
positional decimal system for which it develops the rules of multiplication,
division and extraction of square root.
The advent of a new concept: the
algorithm:
The methodical approach and the
power of its calculations, by the use of Arabic numerals, earned Al-Khwarizmi
to see his name used since the 12th century in the West: algorismo in Spanish,
French algorism), word formed on his name and on the Greek word arithmos,
meaning number and which gave arithmetic = science of calculation. The
algorithmists or allegorists, calculating with Arabic numerals, then opposed
the abacists: those who used the abacus (abacus used by the ancient Greeks).
In mathematics and computer
science, the algorithm can be defined as:
The set of rules and instructions
to follow, actually executable, to obtain
a clearly defined result in a
finite number of steps
The algorithm is thus a direct
consequence of a good analysis (of the Greek analusis = decomposition) of the
problem.
• Examples: Euclid's algorithm
for calculating a GCD; algorithm of solving the equation of the second degree.
A new branch of mathematics:
algebra:
Algebra (14th century) comes from
the Arabic al jabr used by Al-Khwarizmi to signify transposition (word-for-word
rebutted, ie: reinstatement, repair) of a term from one member to another of a
equation. This transposition essentially results in the addition of the same
quantity in the two members of the equation in order to eliminate the terms
appearing in subtraction.
The mouqabala (muqabal =
opposite, face to face) is the action consisting in suppressing the identical
terms in the two members and possibly dividing in order to obtain either the
solution (1st degree) or a normed equation (whose coefficient in x2 is 1) in
the case of the second degree.
The Arabic terms for the equation
(muadala), the unknown (gezr = root, or cheï = thing) and the unknown of the
unknown (mahal) appear. Al-Khwarizmi alludes to the negative numbers of Indian
mathematicians but does not accept them as solutions to his equations. They
will be taken into account in the West only after Girard and Descartes and
definitely adopted only after the work of Gauss!
The term root is used
to mean "something hidden" (like the root of a plant) that needs to
be determined. The same term is used to denote solution numbers of equations
such that x2 = a, x3 = a corresponding to square and cubic roots. Al-Khwarizmi
of course knows the irrational numbers they call at that time deaf numbers
(assam) to mean unspeakable, which surpass the understanding. This name crossed
the centuries: it is found in Peletier in the 16th century and again in J.
Querret in the 19th (Treatise on arithmetic, 1823, ref.6, p.99), however using
also the qualifier of irrational.
Al-Qalasadi
Algebra and its origin according to d'Alembert:
In order to justify the validity
of his algebraic calculations, Al-Khwarizmi proved beforehand, as Euclid did
before, certain usual remarkable identities studied as early as the 3rd class
using the geometric support of the areas. Indeed, one easily proves by this
means easily the two formulas below:
(a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, (a -
b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
for we see, for the first for example, that the area of the square of side a + b is obtained by adding the areas of the
shaded squares and twice that of the rectangles of dimensions a and b, of area
ab. With Al-Khwarizmi and other Arab algebrists, such as Abu Kamil, geometric
support is little by little replaced by algebraic algorithms deduced from
geometric observations.
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