معلومات عن السعودية بالانجليزي

انشاء عبارات سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات عامة شاملة بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان جمل عن بلادي كلمة رحلة مقال جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة للطلاب عرض للصف السادس للصف الاول للصف الثاني للصف الثالث للصف الرابع للصف الخامس للصف السادس للصف السابع للصف الثامن للصف التاسع للصف العاشر  ابتدائي جمل  سهل وقصير معالم  موقع  تقرير عن تراث بالانجليزي ابي موضوع  ابراج خمس جمل قديما  أبرز المناطق السياحية مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير كلمة تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله مقدمة خاتمة  information about   paragraph  presentation  location  my country كم عدد سكان  مدن  الوجهات العرب المسافرون نقاط الاهتمام مساحة تحدث جغرافية جغرافيا  عبارات شعر قصيدة مؤثر كلام قصير مترجم بالعربي  شكل عام موضوع مؤثر اللغات الرسمية ديانة  اسماء مدن  المناطق الريفيه الشعب الجنس رئيس لغتها الرسمية قوانين موقع  الوطن عادات وتقاليد بحث علمي

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزية 

Economic and financial situation of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia faces economic crisis due to continued decline in world oil prices

With a 2016 GDP of USD 646 billion, Saudi Arabia is the largest economy in the Middle East and the 20th largest economy in the world, accounting for nearly 50% of the cumulative GDP of the CCEAG countries. The Kingdom owes its wealth primarily to oil, which it held in 2016 the second proven reserves, and was the second largest exporter (about 13% of exports) and the second largest producer worldwide.

The decline in world oil prices since 2014 has had a very strong impact on its economic performance: in 2016, its oil exports represented 12.74% of its GDP (against 24% in 2015) and 62% of its budget (73% in 2015 ). The average price per barrel exported was reduced from $ 97 in 2014 to $ 43 in 2016. The increase in production from 9.7 Mb / d in 2014 to 10.2 Mb / d in 2015 and 2016 has not allowed compensate only marginally lower prices. As a result, the year 2016 was marked by a deterioration of all the country's economic and financial indicators.

On the macro-economic front, since 2015 the Kingdom has been facing a double deficit situation. GDP growth has been reduced from 4.1 percent in 2015 to 1.7 percent in 2016, and is expected to stagnate at 0.1 percent in 2017, according to the IMF. International rating agencies downgraded Saudi Arabia's sovereign rating (Fitch: A +, Moody's: A1), but put it on a stable outlook due to a still stable fiscal position, high levels of liquidity and large reserves of extractable oils at low cost.

On the banking and financial front, in 2015-2016, Saudi Arabia experienced an episode of liquidity crisis caused by the drop in oil revenues, the freezing of government spending, significant payment arrears and an issuance policy. of debt on the local market. The measures taken by the authorities to resolve this situation (international debt policy, relaxation of certain prudential measures), however, made it possible to end it by the end of 2016, and, if profitability banks has been heavily impacted, the Saudi banking sector is nonetheless well regulated and sufficiently capitalized to cope with this crisis.

Authorities have embarked on a bold reform of the Saudi economy

Saudi Arabia currently has only 3 to 5 years to make the necessary transition to a new growth model (although the pace of the melting of foreign reserves by the Saudi central bank has slowed, these rose from USD 558 billion at the end of May 2016 to USD 487 billion at the end of July 2017). The Kingdom has implemented a major economic reform program, Vision 2030, aimed at lifting the country out of its dependence on oil and diversifying its economy, and underpinning the end of the Saudi welfare state. The measures envisaged include the use of debt to finance the economy (public debt at 13.1% of GDP in 2016 against 5.8% in 2015), a drop in subsidies to the energy sector (end of the subsidies from here). 2020), incentives for the development of the private sector (various financial aids), a control of public action (introduction of performance indices), new tax revenues (excise duties or VAT, to contribute to 4, 8% of global GDP and 6.6% of non-oil GDP in 2020). All these measures should increase non-oil revenues to USD 56.5 billion in 2017, compared to USD 53 billion in 2016, and allow a return to a budget surplus situation in 2020.

There are unknowns about the success in the short and medium term of the reforms initiated since 2015

Despite better economic performances than expected in 2016, and a reforming voluntarism that is in step with the Kingdom's habits, there are still unknowns as to the medium-term effects of certain reforms envisaged. The agreement to reduce oil production between OPEC and non-OPEC member countries, obtained in Vienna in November 2016 and renewed for 9 months in May 2017, has not only resulted in a timid rise in prices. of oil, the barrel of Saudi crude rising from an average of USD 40.6 in 2016 to an estimate of USD 51.5 in 2017. The positive contribution of new tax revenues to Saudi GDP depends on the way in which new taxes, transparency and tax management remain low in the Kingdom. The end of energy price subsidies negatively impacts Saudi's historical comparative advantage, and the introduction of new taxes on many business sectors, if it allows the government to broaden its base of tax base and 'to increase the predictability of its revenue a priori could undermine the attractiveness of Saudi Arabia.

In addition, Saudi Arabia's commitment to the war in Yemen, and the unpredictability of some decisions involving public finances (eg reintroduction in June 2017 of bonuses and allowances of civil servants and military with retroactive effect to September 2016) do not exclude the possibility of budget slippages. The Kingdom went into recession in H1 2017 (-0.5% in Q1 and -1.03% in Q2). However, in its latest Article IV consultation report, the IMF welcomes to a large extent the reforms undertaken by the Saudis for the transformation of their economies, and, subject to the preservation of a social safety net to mitigate the impact of these changes on the population, addresses a general satisfaction to the Saudi reformist voluntarism.