تعبير انجليزي عن الماء ثالث ثانوي

موضوع انجليزي عن الماء للصف الثامن فقرة  برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزية  انشاء موضوع انجليزي عن ابدا قصير كيفية كتابة موضوع تعبير باللغة الانجليزية توجيهي قواعد كتابة تعبير  بالانجليزي طريقة سهلة لكتابة تعبير بالانجليزي موضوع تعبير انجليزي يصلح لكل المواضيع كتابة تعبير بالانجليزي عن نفسك وصف تعبير انجليزي يصلح لكل المواضيع موضوع انشاء شامل لكل المواضيع موضوع يصلح لجميع المواضيع موضوع تعبير انجليزي جاهز برجراف ينفع لاى موضوع  موضوع انجليزي عن الماء تعبير عن الماء بالانجليزي قصير وسهل فوائد الماء بالانجليزي قصير بحث عن الماء  عبارات  بالانجليزي طويل فوائد الماء للجسم  قصير وسهل بحث انجليزي عن تلوث الماء  فوائد شرب الماء بالانجليزي اهمية الماء بالانجليزي مترجم تعبير عن الماء بالانجليزي ثالث ثانوي برزنتيشن عن الماء بالانجليزي  برزنتيشن عن الماء بالانجليزي قصير  عن المياه المياه المائية خمس سبع ثمان تسع اربع جمل كلمات كلام

Water and Economy - Introduction

The economy consists of distributing a rare good according to a certain number of chosen criteria in order to valorize it. The economy is therefore political insofar as it reflects preferences choices. It is also social because of the consequences it entails for those to whom it applies.

Water, essential to life, is not a good like the others. The economy that concerns it is often a help for reflection, not always a decision aid, as an ethical approach must be able to take over the economic calculation and keep the advantage over him. Economic reasoning and quantification are essential tools for driving and improving water management. In their absence, the near and arbitrary settle at the expense of all and the very existence of the hydraulic resource. Approximate numbers are more easily corrected than previously incomplete encryption is created.

Where water is abundant, wealth eventually appears through the work of men. Where water is not present or almost, most often remains poverty. Managing water economically is almost synonymous with fighting poverty. The water economy is an essential vector for improving living conditions and the cohesion of society as a whole. This aspect of solidarity between rich and poor, is at the heart of the team of the Water Academy, meeting to think about the various ways to promote it .

Some questions to which the work of the Academy seeks to answer can be mentioned: How to organize and control financial transfers concerning water and sanitation? What are the prices of water? How do they result from the various forms of pricing? What complementarity should be encouraged between centralized taxation and regionalized taxes? What are the most appropriate decision and action areas? What are the impacts of European standards and directives on the local water economy?

Such reflections concern cases studied in France as well as others in Europe, in OECD member countries, or in less advanced countries. These studies are an opportunity to advance knowledge about the great data on water such as the installed hydraulic heritage and the corresponding operational expenses. Similarly, there is a sustained interest in the water management component of multilateral aid, official development assistance from donor countries, and decentralized cooperation between communities and associations.

Comparative studies help identify concepts such as affordability, willingness to pay, and the creditworthiness of municipalities or local institutions in spending on water and sanitation. This last point leads to the key issue of saving water from the ability to borrow and then facing debt service.

The Water Academy follows the various controversies that follow on the water economy in the broad sense (large cycle and small cycle): full cost recovery or recovery acceptable? Put in charge of the services of water or various contractual forms of delegation of public service (or collective)? Sharing productivity gains and water management control modalities; Assumption of depreciation and renewal of the works; solidarities between upstream and downstream, dense urban and scattered rural, coastal areas and hinterland, sanitation and drinking water revenues.

Are twinning between rich and poor communities for water and sanitation effective? Which are the rules to promote in the competition between the distribution of drinking water by networks or standpipes and that carried out by bottles and bottles? What are the advantages and limits of notions such as virtual water or water footprint, such as water rights market instruments (rights to be taken, rights to pollute)? Implementations and constraints of the user-payer and polluter-pays principles; financial coverage of water-related risks (floods, droughts and other calamities).

This disparate list could easily be lengthened because water intervenes everywhere and at any time in the life of our societies.

The ambition of the Academy of Water is to contribute to enrich the reflection on all these subjects, to participate in the debates that they cause and to raise them by organizing events (colloquiums, creations of networks, publications) allowing to expand them to new participants.