The citadel of Qaitbay in Alexandria is
considered one of the most important defensive strongholds, not only in Egypt,
but also along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He formulated an important
part of the fortification system of Alexandria in the 15th century AD
The Citadel is located at the eastern entrance to the port of the eastern tip of Pharos Island. It was erected on the exact location of the famous lighthouse of Alexandria, which was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The lighthouse continued to operate until the time of the Arab conquest, then several disasters took place and the shape of the lighthouse was changed to a certain extent, but it continued to function. Restoration began in the period of Ahmed Ibn Tulun (around 880 AD). During the 11th century an earthquake occurred, causing damage to the octagonal part. The bottom survived, but it could not serve as a watchtower, and a small mosque was built on the summit. In the 14th century, there was a very destructive earthquake and the entire building was completely destroyed.
Qaitbay Citadel
Around 1480 AD, the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qaitbay fortified the place as part of its coastal defensive buildings against the Turks, who were threatening Egypt at that time. He built the castle and placed a mosque inside. The citadel continued to function for most of the Mamluk period, the Ottoman period and the modern period, but after the British bombing of the city of Alexandria in 1883, it was kept out of the spotlight. It became neglected until the 20th century, when it was restored several times by the Supreme Council of Egyptian Antiquities.
The founder of Qaitbay Citadel is Sultan Al-Ashraf Abu Saif Anasr al-Din El-Qaitbay Jerkasy Al-Zahiry (1468-1496 AD) who was born around 1423 AD (826 H). He was a Mamluk who had come to Egypt as a young man, less than 20 years old. Bought by Al-Ashraf Bersbay, he remained among his servants until Al-Ashraf Bersbay died. Then the Djaqmaq Sultan Qaitbay bought, and later gave him his freedom. Qaitbay then to occupy different positions. He became the leader of the army (Atabec Al-Askar) during the rule of the Bugha Sultan Tamar. When the Sultan was dethroned, Qaitbay was appointed Sultan, who was titled Almalek Al-Ashraf on Monday 26th Ragab, 872 H. (1468 AD). He was one of the most important and prominent Mamluk Sultans, ruling for about 29 years. He was a brave king, who tried to initiate a new era with the Ottomans by exchanging embassies and gifts. He loved traveling and made many prominent trips.
Qaitbay was so fond of art and architecture, he created an important position within the state's administrative system, it was the Mason Edifices (Shady Al-Ama'er). He built many beneficial constructions in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. In Egypt there are about 70 renovated buildings attributed to it, among them are mosques, madrassas, agencies, houses fountain (sabils), Kuttabs, houses, military buildings like the citadels of Alexandria and Rosetta (Today the city of Rashid). These citadels were built to protect northern Egypt, mainly against the Ottomans, whose power has increased in the Mediterranean.
Qagmas Al-Eshaqy, The Mason Edifices, was the architect of the Citadel. Before his arrival in Egypt, he was a Mamluk of Djakmaq in Syria. During the reign of Qaitbay, he became the building mason, then the viceroy of Alexandria. He was appointed governor of Syria (Damascus), built a mosque outside the gate of Rashid (Bab Rachid) as well as a cenotaph and a Khan. He also renovated the El-Sawary Mosque in front of the Sadrah Gate (Bab Sadrah).
Qagmas was intelligent and modest, as well as overseeing many constructions during Qaitbay's time. In 882 H. (1477 AD), Sultan Qaitbay visited the site of the ancient lighthouse of Alexandria and ordered a fortress to be built on its foundations. The construction lasted about two years, and it is said that Qaitbay spent more than one hundred thousand dinars for work on the Citadel.
Ibn Ayas mentioned that the construction of this fort began in the month of Rabi Alawal H. 882 He said that the Sultan Qaitbay returned to Alexandria, accompanied by some other Mamluk princes, to visit the site of the old lighthouse and during this visit, he ordered the construction of the Citadel.
In the month of Shaban 884 H, Sultan Qaitbay went back to Alexandria where the construction was completed. He gave the fort with a legion of brave soldiers and various weapons. He also, as Ibn Ayas mentioned, several dedicated waqfs from which he financed the construction work as well as the wages of the soldiers.
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Throughout the Mamluk period, and because of its strategic location, the Citadel was well maintained by all the rulers who came after Qaitbay.
Sultan El-Qansoh Ghoury gave the Citadel special attention. He visited several times and increased the strength of the garrison, providing him with various weapons and equipment. It included a great prison made for princes and statesmen-whose sultan kept out of his favor for whatever reason. In the episodes of the year 920 H, Sultan El-Ghoury returned to Alexandria with the other princes. They went to the Citadel of Qaitbay where he observed maneuvers and military training on the defensive weapons of the citadel of that time. When he felt the approach of the Ottoman threat, he issued a decree to ban military weapons from the Citadel, he even announced that the death penalty would be the punishment of those who try to steal anything from the citadel, and he ordered the inscription of this decree on a marble slate fixed to the door leading to the court. It is said "
Ellah Bism El-Rahman El-Rahim
"A decree in order of our master, the noble rank, King Al-Ashraf Abu El-Naser El-Qansoh Ghoury, That God will eternalize his reign, that no body should take the weapon Makahel, the gunpowder , tools, or anything else from the noble tower of Alexandria: and any of the tower part, whether Mamluks, slaves or Zarad kashia, which breaks (decree) and comes out of the tower with something will be hanged at the door of the tower, which deserves the curse of God. "
Dated Rabei Alawal 907 H.
After the Ottoman Turks had conquered Egypt, even they cared about this unique citadel. They used it for housing, as they had done with the citadel of Saladin in Cairo and the Citadels of Damieta, Rosetta, Al Borollos and El-Arish. They kept him in good condition and he was stationed with infantry, artillery, a company of drummers and trumpeters, masons and carpenters.
As the Ottoman army became weak, the Citadel began to lose its military importance. In 1798 AD, during the French expedition to Egypt, it fell into the hands of French troops, mainly because of the weakness of the garrison of the citadel, and the power of modern French weapons at that time. Inside, the French found arms of the Crusaders, which goes back to the campaign of Louis IX. Maybe it was a spoil after the battle and the capture of El-Mansoura!
When Mohammed Ali became the master of Egypt in 1805, he renovated the old citadel, the restoration and repair of its outer walls, and he provided the fortress with the most modern weapons of the time, in especially the guns of the littoral. Mohamed Ali's reign can be seen as another golden age of the Citadel.
The Citadel retained the interest of the successors of Mohammed Ali until the year 1882 when the revolution took place Orabi The British fleet violently bombed Alexandria on July 11, 1882 and damaged much of the city, especially in the area of the Citadel. This attack the cracked fortress, causing great damage. The north and west facades were severely damaged as a result of cannon explosions, aimed directly at the structure. The west facade has been completely destroyed, leaving large gaps in it.
Unfortunately, the Citadel then remained neglected until 1904 when the Ministry of Defense reinstated the upper floors. King Farouk wanted to turn the Citadel into a royal rest house so had ordered a quick renovation on it.
After the 1952 revolution, the Egyptian naval troops turned the building into a maritime museum. The largest restoration project dates back to 1984, when the Egyptian Antiquities Organization has ambitious plans to restore the fort.
The Citadel is located at the eastern entrance to the port of the eastern tip of Pharos Island. It was erected on the exact location of the famous lighthouse of Alexandria, which was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The lighthouse continued to operate until the time of the Arab conquest, then several disasters took place and the shape of the lighthouse was changed to a certain extent, but it continued to function. Restoration began in the period of Ahmed Ibn Tulun (around 880 AD). During the 11th century an earthquake occurred, causing damage to the octagonal part. The bottom survived, but it could not serve as a watchtower, and a small mosque was built on the summit. In the 14th century, there was a very destructive earthquake and the entire building was completely destroyed.
Qaitbay Citadel
Around 1480 AD, the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qaitbay fortified the place as part of its coastal defensive buildings against the Turks, who were threatening Egypt at that time. He built the castle and placed a mosque inside. The citadel continued to function for most of the Mamluk period, the Ottoman period and the modern period, but after the British bombing of the city of Alexandria in 1883, it was kept out of the spotlight. It became neglected until the 20th century, when it was restored several times by the Supreme Council of Egyptian Antiquities.
The founder of Qaitbay Citadel is Sultan Al-Ashraf Abu Saif Anasr al-Din El-Qaitbay Jerkasy Al-Zahiry (1468-1496 AD) who was born around 1423 AD (826 H). He was a Mamluk who had come to Egypt as a young man, less than 20 years old. Bought by Al-Ashraf Bersbay, he remained among his servants until Al-Ashraf Bersbay died. Then the Djaqmaq Sultan Qaitbay bought, and later gave him his freedom. Qaitbay then to occupy different positions. He became the leader of the army (Atabec Al-Askar) during the rule of the Bugha Sultan Tamar. When the Sultan was dethroned, Qaitbay was appointed Sultan, who was titled Almalek Al-Ashraf on Monday 26th Ragab, 872 H. (1468 AD). He was one of the most important and prominent Mamluk Sultans, ruling for about 29 years. He was a brave king, who tried to initiate a new era with the Ottomans by exchanging embassies and gifts. He loved traveling and made many prominent trips.
Qaitbay was so fond of art and architecture, he created an important position within the state's administrative system, it was the Mason Edifices (Shady Al-Ama'er). He built many beneficial constructions in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. In Egypt there are about 70 renovated buildings attributed to it, among them are mosques, madrassas, agencies, houses fountain (sabils), Kuttabs, houses, military buildings like the citadels of Alexandria and Rosetta (Today the city of Rashid). These citadels were built to protect northern Egypt, mainly against the Ottomans, whose power has increased in the Mediterranean.
Qagmas Al-Eshaqy, The Mason Edifices, was the architect of the Citadel. Before his arrival in Egypt, he was a Mamluk of Djakmaq in Syria. During the reign of Qaitbay, he became the building mason, then the viceroy of Alexandria. He was appointed governor of Syria (Damascus), built a mosque outside the gate of Rashid (Bab Rachid) as well as a cenotaph and a Khan. He also renovated the El-Sawary Mosque in front of the Sadrah Gate (Bab Sadrah).
Qagmas was intelligent and modest, as well as overseeing many constructions during Qaitbay's time. In 882 H. (1477 AD), Sultan Qaitbay visited the site of the ancient lighthouse of Alexandria and ordered a fortress to be built on its foundations. The construction lasted about two years, and it is said that Qaitbay spent more than one hundred thousand dinars for work on the Citadel.
Ibn Ayas mentioned that the construction of this fort began in the month of Rabi Alawal H. 882 He said that the Sultan Qaitbay returned to Alexandria, accompanied by some other Mamluk princes, to visit the site of the old lighthouse and during this visit, he ordered the construction of the Citadel.
In the month of Shaban 884 H, Sultan Qaitbay went back to Alexandria where the construction was completed. He gave the fort with a legion of brave soldiers and various weapons. He also, as Ibn Ayas mentioned, several dedicated waqfs from which he financed the construction work as well as the wages of the soldiers.
quitaby \ quitaby \
Throughout the Mamluk period, and because of its strategic location, the Citadel was well maintained by all the rulers who came after Qaitbay.
Sultan El-Qansoh Ghoury gave the Citadel special attention. He visited several times and increased the strength of the garrison, providing him with various weapons and equipment. It included a great prison made for princes and statesmen-whose sultan kept out of his favor for whatever reason. In the episodes of the year 920 H, Sultan El-Ghoury returned to Alexandria with the other princes. They went to the Citadel of Qaitbay where he observed maneuvers and military training on the defensive weapons of the citadel of that time. When he felt the approach of the Ottoman threat, he issued a decree to ban military weapons from the Citadel, he even announced that the death penalty would be the punishment of those who try to steal anything from the citadel, and he ordered the inscription of this decree on a marble slate fixed to the door leading to the court. It is said "
Ellah Bism El-Rahman El-Rahim
"A decree in order of our master, the noble rank, King Al-Ashraf Abu El-Naser El-Qansoh Ghoury, That God will eternalize his reign, that no body should take the weapon Makahel, the gunpowder , tools, or anything else from the noble tower of Alexandria: and any of the tower part, whether Mamluks, slaves or Zarad kashia, which breaks (decree) and comes out of the tower with something will be hanged at the door of the tower, which deserves the curse of God. "
Dated Rabei Alawal 907 H.
After the Ottoman Turks had conquered Egypt, even they cared about this unique citadel. They used it for housing, as they had done with the citadel of Saladin in Cairo and the Citadels of Damieta, Rosetta, Al Borollos and El-Arish. They kept him in good condition and he was stationed with infantry, artillery, a company of drummers and trumpeters, masons and carpenters.
As the Ottoman army became weak, the Citadel began to lose its military importance. In 1798 AD, during the French expedition to Egypt, it fell into the hands of French troops, mainly because of the weakness of the garrison of the citadel, and the power of modern French weapons at that time. Inside, the French found arms of the Crusaders, which goes back to the campaign of Louis IX. Maybe it was a spoil after the battle and the capture of El-Mansoura!
When Mohammed Ali became the master of Egypt in 1805, he renovated the old citadel, the restoration and repair of its outer walls, and he provided the fortress with the most modern weapons of the time, in especially the guns of the littoral. Mohamed Ali's reign can be seen as another golden age of the Citadel.
The Citadel retained the interest of the successors of Mohammed Ali until the year 1882 when the revolution took place Orabi The British fleet violently bombed Alexandria on July 11, 1882 and damaged much of the city, especially in the area of the Citadel. This attack the cracked fortress, causing great damage. The north and west facades were severely damaged as a result of cannon explosions, aimed directly at the structure. The west facade has been completely destroyed, leaving large gaps in it.
Unfortunately, the Citadel then remained neglected until 1904 when the Ministry of Defense reinstated the upper floors. King Farouk wanted to turn the Citadel into a royal rest house so had ordered a quick renovation on it.
After the 1952 revolution, the Egyptian naval troops turned the building into a maritime museum. The largest restoration project dates back to 1984, when the Egyptian Antiquities Organization has ambitious plans to restore the fort.
برجراف عن قلعه قايتباي بالانجليزي
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برجراف عن قلعه قايتباي بالانجليزي
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موضوع انجليزي عن الماء للصف الثامن فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزية انشاء موضوع انجليزي عن ابدا قصير كيفية كتابة موضوع تعبير باللغة الانجليزية توجيهي قواعد كتابة تعبير بالانجليزي طريقة سهلة لكتابة تعبير بالانجليزي
موضوع تعبير انجليزي يصلح لكل المواضيع كتابة تعبير بالانجليزي عن نفسك وصف تعبير انجليزي
يصلح لكل المواضيع موضوع انشاء شامل لكل المواضيع موضوع يصلح لجميع المواضيع موضوع
تعبير انجليزي جاهز برجراف ينفع لاى موضوع
موضوع انجليزي عن الماء قصير وسهل فوائد بالانجليزي عبارات بالانجليزي طويل اهمية مترجم ثالث ثانوي اول ثاني
ثانوي متوسط خمس سبع ثمان تسع اربع جمل كلمات كلام مقال علمي مقدمة بحث انجليزي حلول
اسباب حل مشكلة طويل شعر وصف قدوتي في الحياه انشودة نشيد كلام جميل حالات واتساب 2018 كلام
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