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جرش
Jerash is situated on a plain surrounded by wooded hilly areas and
fertile basins. Conquered by General Pompey in 63 BC J.C., the city fell into
the hands of the Romans and was one of the top ten cities of the empire, within
the Confederation of the Decapolis.
The city enjoyed its golden age during the Roman reign, a period
when it was known as Gérasa. Today, this site is considered one of the best
preserved Roman provincial cities in the world. Hidden under the sand for
centuries before being discovered and restored for 70 years, Jerash is the
epitome of extensive and formal Roman municipal planning throughout the Middle
East. It is decorated with cobbled streets, colonnades, huge temples on the
crest of the hills, delightful theaters, spacious public squares, thermal
baths, fountains and walls pierced by towers and grilles.
Under his Greco-Roman exterior, Jerash retains a tasty blend of
East and West. Its architecture, its religion and its languages are the fruit of the mixture and the
coexistence of two powerful cultures, that of the Greco-Romans in the basin of
the Mediterranean on the one hand, and that of the Arabs of the East on the
other hand .
The modern city of Jerash is located to the east of the ruins.
Although the modern city and the ancient city share a wall, conservation
efforts and carefully planned planning have led to the development of the
modern city away from the ruins so that nothing comes to alter ancient sites.
Occupied since the Neolithic era, the site was founded in the
Hellenistic era of Alexander the Great by veterans of his army, which, according
to legend, would have named Gerasa (city of Gerontes).
The earliest remains date back to the second century BC, that is to
say to the period of the Seleucids (descendants of Alexander, masters of
Syria). Subjected time to the pressure of the Nabateans then Jews, Gerasa will
revive thanks to the Roman conquest. In 63 BC, vanquished by Pompey, the city
fell to the hands of the Romans and became, with the Confederation of the
Decapolis, one of the ten major cities of the empire. Then, in 106 AD, the Roman
emperor Trajan created the Roman Province of Arabia and conquered the Nabataean
kingdom of Petra. Jerash develops then thanks to its commerce and its
Mediterranean agriculture and will know its apogee to the II ° century, under
the emperor Hadrian who will stay in Jerash in 129, will undertake new
constructions (like the south door, the arc de triomphe or the Temple of
Artemis, which will give it its present appearance) and make Jerash the second
largest city in the province.
The rise of Christianity, from the fourth century, will initiate a
new impetus for the city of Jerash with the construction of churches and the
creation, in the sixth century, under the Emperor Justinian, a large ensemble
that includes a cathedral and churches (St. Cosmas and Damian, St. John the
Baptist, St. George and St. Theodore) near the Temple of Artemis.
The decline of Jerash begins with the Persian and Arab invasions
and under the Umayyads, continues with the earthquakes of the 8th century and
ends in the 12th century, at the end of the Crusades, with the progressive
abandonment of the city which, in ruins, will be buried under the sand for
centuries, preserved from the ravages of time
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