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Albert Einstein (born March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Württemberg, and died April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey) is a physicist who was successively German, then stateless (1896), Swiss (1901), and finally Swiss-American ( 1940).

 

He published his theory of special relativity in 1905, and a theory of gravitation called general relativity in 1915. He contributed greatly to the development of quantum mechanics and cosmology, and received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. His work is best known for the equation E = mc2, which establishes an equivalence between matter and the energy of a system.

 

Biography

 

 

Albert Einstein in 1925.

 

Albert Einstein, emblematic figure of the city of Ulm

His father, Hermann Einstein, was born August 30, 1847 in Buchaun, and died October 10, 1902 in Milan. He married Pauline Koch on August 8, 1876. Three years later, on March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein was born in their apartment in Ulm, Germany; this is their first child. His interest in science was sparked in his childhood by a compass at the age of five, and the book The Little Geometry Bible at thirteen.

 

He did his primary and secondary studies at the Hochschule of Aargau in Switzerland, where he graduated on September 30, 1896. He had excellent results in mathematics, but refused to learn biology and human sciences, because he does not see the benefit of learning disciplines that he considers already widely explored. He then considers science as the fruit of human reason and reflection. He asks his father to give him Swiss nationality in order to join his family who emigrated to Milan, Italy.

 

He entered the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) in 1896 after failing his first entrance exam, however. There he befriended the mathematician Marcel Grossmann, who later helped him with non-Euclidean geometry. There he also met Mileva Maric, his first wife. He aptly graduated in 1900 admitting himself in his autobiography, "unable to attend classes, take notes and work on them academically."

 

During this period, he deepened his knowledge on his own by reading reference books, such as those by Boltzmann, Helmholtz and Nernst. His friend Michele Besso introduced him to the ideas of Mechanics by Ernst Mach. According to several biographies, this period from 1900 to 1902 was marked by the precariousness of his situation: he applied for many jobs without being accepted. Albert Einstein’s misery worries his father, who tries in vain to find him a job. Albert then resigned himself to moving away from academia to find a job in the administration. In 1901, he published his first scientific article in the Annalen der Physik, and this article is dedicated to his research on capillarity.

 

Albert Einstein's first child, Lieserl, was born at the end of 1902. Its existence was long ignored by historians, and there is no known information on its fate. Albert and Mileva married in 1903, her father having finally given her permission on his deathbed. In 1904, the couple gave birth to Hans-Albert, then Eduard Einstein in 1910.

 

In 1902, he was hired at the Berne Patent Office, which allowed him to make a decent living while continuing his work. During this period, he founded the Olympia Academy with Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine, who later translated his works into French. This discussion circle meets at 49 rue Kramgasse, and organizes mountain walks. Einstein shared the result of his work with Conrad Habicht and sent him the articles he published during the year 1905 concerning the foundations of special relativity, the hypothesis of light quanta and the theory of Brownian motion, and which open up new new avenues in research in nuclear physics, celestial mechanics, etc. The article on Brownian motion is based on work that Einstein developed later and which culminated in his thesis, entitled Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (“A new determination of molecular dimensions” in German), and his diploma in doctorate on January 15, 1906.

 

In 1909, Albert Einstein was recognized by his peers, in particular Planck and Nernst who wished to invite him to the University of Berlin. On July 9, 1909, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Geneva. Job offers are multiplying. In 1911, he was invited to the first Solvay Congress in Belgium, which brought together the best-known scientists. There he met Marie Curie, Max Planck and Paul Langevin among others. In 1913, Albert was appointed to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

 

In 1914 he moved to Germany and lived in Berlin for many years.