Examination Prefixes

امتحان في الانجليزية

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2000 Examination:

Use the word given in brackets at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space given. You can use the following endings:

(-ing), (-ment), (-ive ), (-ity), (-able), (-ize), (-ness)

1- We must ……………………………………our style of life. (MODERN)

2- These are very ………………………………………………. jewels. (VALUE)

3- This program is ………………………………………… (INFORM)

4- Don't live for ………………………………………. only. (ENTERTAIN)

5- Food is a …………………………………….. of life. (NECESSARY)

6- I don't like his …………………………………………………….. (LAZY)

7- She does not take part in any school ………………………… (ACTIVE)

8- These chairs are ………………………………….. (COMFORT)

9- This book is not worth ……………………………………….. (READ)

10- He has ………………………………… in chemistry. (SPECIAL)

2001 Examination:

Use the word given in brackets at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space given. You can use the following endings:

(-ly), (-ous), (-y ), (-dom), (-ful), (-ness), (-ship), (-ity), (-ion), (-ment )

1- He ran………………………………. because he was late. (QUICK)

2- A……………………………. driver doesn't make accidents. (CARE)

3- Last night the …………………….. suddenly went out, so we had to light candles. (ELECTRIC)

4- The place is ………………………. It wasn't cleaned yesterday. (DIRT)

5- A mosquito net is a good …………………….. against malaria. (PROTECT)

6- Countries which are under foreign rule usually fight for their ………………. (FREE)

7- We thanked the man for his …………………………….and went away. (KIND)

2002 Examination :

Use the words given in capitals at the end of each space to form a word which fits in the space given. You can use the following endings:

(-CE) , (-IAN) , (-OUS ), (-ISH),(-FUL)

Ismail Al Azhari was a  …………………… (FAME ) leader. Together with other …………………………… (POLITICS) he fought against the …………………… (BRITAIN). Their efforts were………………………………. (SUCCEED) because they are resulted in the ……………………………. (INDEPENDENT) of the Sudan.

March 2003 Examination :

Use the word given in brackets at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space given. You can use the following endings:

(-ion), (-ful), (-ous ), (-ment), (-able)

1- Diseases like malaria need…………………………………. (TREAT)

2- He is still looking for a …………………………….. gift for his wife. (SUIT)

3- We enjoyed the party. We had a …………………….. time there. (WONDER)

4- Some drugs are very ………………………………………………... (POISON)

5- The government will take ……………………… against unemployment. (ACT)

June 2003 Examination:

Use the words given in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word which can fit in the spaces given. You can use the following endings:

(-ous) , (-ive) , (-tion ), (-ful), (-sion)

1- Planes are the most ………………………… means of transport. (EXPENSE)

2- Trees protect the soil from ………… …………………………. (ERODE)

3- We must keep ………………… drugs out of the reach of children. (POISON)

4- The police are responsible for the …………………….. of crime. (PREVENT)

5- The results of space research may be ………………. to us in the future. (USE)                                

2004 Examination :

Use the words given in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word which fits in the space given. You can use the following endings:

(-ing) , (-able) , (-ive ), (-er),(-ness) , (-ment), (-tion),(-ly)

1- His …………………………..was great when he passed his exams. (HAPPY)

2- Doctors say ……………………………. is better than cure. (PROTECT)

3- The most popular form of……………………………… in my village is singing and story-telling. (ENTERTAIN)

4- Vitamins keep us healthy and ………………………………... (ACT)

5- He is rich. He is living an easy and ………………………… life. (COMFORT)

6- There is an …………………………….amount of pollution in the world today. (INCREASE)

7- He is a good football ……………………………………. (PLAY)

8- She was driving …………………………………. through the crowded streets. (CAREFUL) .  

Prefixes

The prefixes are the letters which are added to the beginning of the word.

The following table shows the most common prefixes used in the (SPINE ) series.

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives
En – dis – fore – over – re – pre – co	Dis – il – en – pre – mal – co – by	In – im – il – un –– self – well – over

Verbs endings in: 

En	Dis	Fore	Over	Re	Pre	Co
encourage	disagree	foresee	overtake	reconsider	preocuppy	cooperate
enjoy	disappear	forecast	overcome	rebuild	preteach	coeducate

Nouns ending in:

dis	mal	Il	En	Pre	Co	By
disagreement	malnutrition	illiteracy	engagement	preeducation	cooperation	byproduct

Adjectives ending in:

Im	In	Un	Over	Well	Il	Self
impractical	Informal	uneducated	overcrowded	wellkown	illegal	selftaught

Part Three: Re – Writing Sentences

1-The passive voice

1- The sentence can be active or passive                                                                         * The active sentence is the sentence which is governed by its subject.

  Ali plays football every day. 

Who plays football? Ali does, so the sentence is active because it is governed by its subject.

* The passive sentence is the sentence which is governed by its object.

Football is played every day. 

Who plays football every day? We don't know so the sentence is passive.

2- To change the sentence from the active form to the passive form:

 * Replace the subject by the object                                                                                 * Adopt the passive rule of the tense in the active sentence.

Tense                                         Passive rule 1- Present simple                   Object + am / is / are + verb (P.P) + C 2- Present continuous            Object + am / is / are + being + verb (P.P) +C 3- Past simple                        Object + was / were + verb (P.P) + C. 4- Past continuous                 Object + was / were + being + verb (P.P)+ C 5- Present Perfect                  Object + has / have + been + verb (P.P) + C. 6- Past perfect                        Object + had + been + verb (P.P) + C. 7- Modal verbs                       Object + modal + be + verb (P.P)+ C.

* The modal verbs are: will / would / shall / should / can / could / may / might / must / had to.

Examples:

Complete sentence (B), so that it has a similar meaning to sentence (A), using the words in the margin:

1- A- Arsenal beat Liverpool at football.

Beaten B- Liverpool …………………………………….. at football.

2- We must look after our forest.

Looked B- Our forests………………………………

3-A- Young people should stop smoking.

Give B- Smoking …………………………………………………….

4- A- Khalid did not buy a car last week.

Bought B- No car …………………………………………….. last week.

5- A- Students never watch T.V. during the examination.

Watched- B- No T.V……………………………………..during the examination.

2- The conditional sentences

* They are sentences which happen according to certain conditions:

   A- Probable.              B- Improbable / imaginary.                    C- Impossible.

* The conditional sentence has two clauses:

If clause                                                                   Main clause              If (1):Present simple/continuous          will / shall / can / may + verb (infinitive) 1f (2): Past simple                                would / should / could / might + verb (inf) If (3): Past perfect                                would / should / could / might+ have (PP).

Exceptions:

*Unless = if not.

 1- A- If you don't study hard, you won't find a seat at university.

Unless B- ………………………….. you won't find a seat at university.

2- A- If she didn't come, I should phone her.

Unless B- I should phone her………………………………………………

* Had replaces If (3) to emphasize impossibility.

1-A- If they had played well they would have won the match.

Had B- ………………………………… they would have won the match.

* Building conditional sentences:

1- I can't visit you because I don't have enough time.

If- B- ………………………………………… I can visit you.

2- A- I can't run because I am tired.

If – B- …… ……………………………………..I can run.

4- The Direct and Indirect speech

1- The direct speech is the speech which is said by the speaker himself.

   "I am going out", said Ali.

2-The indirect speech tells us about the speaker's words said by another person.

   Ali said that he was going out.

3- The direct speech has three forms:

A- Sentence                                B- question                         C- order / command

4- To change the sentence and question from direct to indirect speech:

* Omit the inverted commas            

* Change the tense:   

 

Present simple                                      Past simple

Present continuous                               Past continuous

Present perfect                                     Past perfect

Past simple                                           Past perfect

Past continuous                                    Past perfect continuous

Simple modal                                       Past modal

Will – would / shall – should / can – could / may – might / must – had to /

* Change the pronouns:

 I ………… he / she          me…… him / her               my ……….. his / her

You…… I / he / she / they  You……him / her / them /me   Your …my/ his / her / their

* Change the adverbs:

Now …………then / here ……… there / this………. that

Yesterday …………. the day before / Tomorrow ………….. the next day

These ……………….. those.

Examples:                                                                                                                            A- The sentence

 A- " I was absent yesterday", said Ahmed.

 Had – B- Ahmed said that………………………………………………….

A- " I will score a high result", said the girl.

Would – B- The girl …………………………………. a good result.

A-" Mona was studying when the telephone rang", said Ali.

Been – B- Ahmed ……………………………………………………………

B- The question

A- Questions with question words:

     asked + object + question word + subject + verb (past form) + complement.

1- A- "What is the time now, Ali?" said Mona.

Asked B- Mona………………………………………………………………….                     2- A- "How old are you Mona?", said the doctor.

Asked- B- The doctor……………………………………………………………

3- A- "Why were late yesterday?" the teacher said to Ahmed and Ali.

Asked- B- The teacher…………………………………………………………..

B- Questions with auxiliaries:

asked + object + if / wether + subject + verb (past form) + complement.

1- A- "Can you drive a car, Amin?", the chairperson.

Asked – B- The chairperson……………………………………………………..

2-A- "Were you sleeping when it rained yesterday, Sarah?", said Fatima.

Asked- B- Fatima ………………………………….. , when it rained yesterday.

3- A-"Do you like fishing, Khalid?" said Omer.

If – B- Omer wondered ………………………………………………………….

C- The order / command:

A- Positive order:

Ordered + object + to + words in brackets

1- A- "Study hard", the teacher said to the students.

Ordered- B- The teacher…………………………………………………………

B- Negative order:

Ordered + not + to + words in brackets.

1- A- "Don't make noise, Ahmed?", said the class keeper.

Ordered- B- The class keeper…………………………………………………………..

                                               5- The Clause of Result                                                                                                  To build the clause of result we use: so, such, too, enough.

so + adjective + that

1- The town is so crowded that I can't drive easily.

such + adjective + plural noun + that

1- They are such good players that they won the match.

such + a + adjective + singular noun + that

1- Sudan is such a big country that you can't visit every where easily.

such + an + adjective (starts with a, e , i , o , u) + singular noun + that

2- Grammar is such an easy section that every one can answer it.

too + adjective + to + verb (infinitive).

* It is always a negative in meaning.

1- Everest Mountain is too high to climb(This means no one can climb the mountain ).

Adjective + enough + that + complement / to + verb (infinitive)

* It is always positive in meaning.                            

1- The day is fine enough that we shall go out(This sentence means we should go out).

6- The Clause Of Comparison

* There are three degrees of comparison:

                                                                                                 

  1  Positive                               2- comparative                            3- superlative

       Young                                younger                                               youngest

       Interesting                        more interesting                                 most interesting

       Good                                    better                                                    best 

* In the positive degree, the adjective is in its original form.

* To form the comparative degree, we add (er) to the adjective if the adjective has one syllable: small: smaller       / big: bigger        / smart: smarter

    If the adjective has more than two syllables, add (more) before the adjective:

Beautiful: more beautiful    / exciting: more exciting

* To form the superlative degree we add (est) to the adjective if the adjective has one syllable: small: smallest    / big: biggest      / smart: smartest

    if the adjective has more than two syllables, add ( most ) before the adjective:

Beautiful: most beautiful / interesting: most interesting

* Irregular adjectives:

Positive                                    Comparative                                Superlative

Good                                                  better                                                  best

Bad                                                     worse                                                 worst

Little                                                   less                                                    least

Much                                                   more                                                 most

Many                                                   more                                                 most

Far                                       farther (D) / further (D/T)                 farthest / farthest

Old                                     older / elder (family members)          oldest / eldest

* Constructions with the comparison:

as + adjective  ( in the positive degree) + as

1- Fatima runs as fast as Mona.

2- British music is not as enjoyable as Sudanese music.

3- My brother is as good as I am at Math.

adjective + er + than

1- Sudan is (big)........................................... than Egypt.

2- My brother is (old)............................... than I am.

More + adjective + than

1- The Internet is (informative).......................................... than the digital T.V. 

Prefer................................... to / like............................. more than

1-A- I like villages more than towns.

Prefer B- I........................................................ towns.

The + adjective + est

 1-The Nile is the (long).................................................... river in Africa.

The + most + adjective

1- Jebel Mara is the (beautiful)............................................. place in the Sudan.

Examples:

Complete sentence (B), so that it has a similar meaning to sentence (A), using the words in the margin:

1-A- Mona is clever. Fatima is equally clever.

As .B- Mona is.........................................................................................................

2-A- Khalid runs faster than Ahmed.

As-B- Ahmed doesn't run............................................................................................

3-A- I prefer playing football to watching it.

Like-B- I ............................................................................... watch it.

4- A- Sudan is bigger than Egypt.

Small-B- Egypt is.................................................................................................

5-A- Cities are more polluted than villages.

Clean- B- Villages are.............................................................................................

6-A- Reem is taller than Reham and Raga.

The- B- Reem is........................................... girl of the three.

7-A- Planes have more seats than buses.

As- B- Buses don’t have............................................................................................

8-A- I don’t like Pepsi as much as Miranda.

Than-A- I like Miranda....................................................................................................

7- The Clause Of Concession

We build the clause of concession by using: but, yet, however, despite, even if , even though,  although,  .

Although + subject + verb + complement

 A- They continued playing despite of the rain.

Although-B- They continued playing……………………………………………

We build the phrase of concession by using inspite of:                                    

In spite of + noun / gerund / being + adjective / possessive adjective + noun

A- They work hard but they earned little money.

In spite of-B- ………………………………….. they earned little money.

A- He is busy but he spends some time with his family.

In spite of-B-……………………………… he spends some time with his family.

1- A- Gold is expensive but a lot of women still buy it.

Although- B- ………………………………………… a lot of women still buy it.

8-The Relative Pronouns

* The pronouns are the words which are used to replace repeated nouns.

Ali is an active boy. Ali wakes up early every morning.

Ali is an active boy. He wakes up early every morning.

* There are two kinds of pronouns:                                                                               A- Personal pronouns: (he, she, it…………………….etc)

B-Relative pronouns: (who, which, whose……………..etc)

                                           Forms of Personal pronouns:

Reflexive/Emphasizing pronouns	Possessive pronouns	Possessive adjectives	Object pronouns	Subject pronouns
Myself	Mine	My	Me	I
Himself	His	His	Him	He
Herself	Hers	Her	Her	She
Itself	Its	Its	It	It
Yourself / Yourselves	Yours	Your	You	You
Themselves	Theirs	Their	Them	They
Ourselves	Ours	Our	Us	We

* Notice:

1- Subject pronouns always come before verbs.

2- Object pronouns always come after verbs and prepositions.

3-Possesive adjectives always come before nouns and they refer to the thing possessed.

4-Possesive pronouns come at the end of the sentence or the clause and they refer to the possessor.

5-A- Reflexive pronouns always come after verbs and prepositions but here the subject and object are the same

 B - Emphasizing pronouns always come after the subject to emphasize it. 

                 

                                             B- Forms of Relative pronouns

Irrational	Rational	Uses
Which / That	Who / That	Subject
Which	Whom	Object
Whose	Whose	Possession

Examples: 1-A-Mona read about a boy. The boy can speak four languages.

Who-B- Mona read about a boy,……………………………………………………

2- A- Ahmed bought a new house. The new house has four flours.

Which-B- Ahmed bought……………………………………………………………

3-A-Fatima is my aunt. I usually visit her at weekend.

Whom-B- Fatima is my aunt………………………………………………………

4-A-Jamal is my friend. I go to school with him everyday.

Whom-B-Jamal is……………………………………………………………………

5-A-Hassan bought a new car. He drives it to work every morning.

Which-B-Hassan bought……………………………………………………………

6-A-Sudan produces petroleum. Its exports bring hard currency.

Whose-B-Sudan produces petroleum………………………………………………

7-Martin is a rich man. Martin's house is big and new.

Whose-B-Martin is …………………………………………………………………

* For the place (where) replaces (there).

1-A-That is an old basic school. I was educated there.                                             Where-B-That is the old basic school………………………………………………

9- The quantity and number expressions

Number Expressions	Quantity Expressions
1- For small numbers we use: Few / a few	1- For small quantities we use: Little / a little
2- For medium numbers we use: Some and several.	2-For medium quantities we use: Some.
3-For big numbers we use: Many, a lot of, a great number of.	For big quantities we use: Much, a lot of, a great deal of, a great amount of, a great quantity of.

  Examples:                                                                                                                     

1-A-Luckily many people were saved in the accident yesterday.

Few-B-Luckily …………………………… were killed in the accident yesterday              2-A-Please use little water.                                                                                     Much-B-Please don't use………………………………………………                                 A-Sadly few people passed the driving test.                                                              

                         Many- B- Sadly, …………………………………….. failed the driving test.

10- Obligation and necessity

We use:( must) and (have to) to express obligation or necessary.

1- We normally use (must) when the authority comes from the speaker.

You must drive carefully.

2- We normally use (have to) when the authority comes from outside the speaker.

I have to go home by 10 o'clock.

3- Must = allow / forbid.

1- A- You mustn't stay here.

Allow – B- You are not allowed to stay here.

Forbid – B- You are forbidden from staying here.

11- The Imperarive

The imperative can be positive or negative.

For positive imperative we use the infinitive form of the verb:

Examples:

1-   (stand)…Stand ………………… up.

2-   (open)…Open………………..the door.

For negative imperative we use: Don't + infinitive

(not make noise)don't make noise.

(not touch)…Don't touch…….the paint is wet.

Previous Years Examinations                                                                        March (2000)

1. A. This book is so interesting that I finished reading it in one day.    

Such -B. This is …………………………that I finished reading it in one day.

 2. A. I like tea more than coffee.

Prefer- B. I ………………………………………………………….. coffee.

3. A. The first film is better than the second one.                                                                                  

Bad-B. The second film is …………………………… the first one.                                 - A. The second and the third questions are easier than the first one.                        

Difficult –B- The first question is the …………………………… of the three.       

5. A. These books are not enough.

Too- B. These books are ………………………………………………………

 6. A. Ali said, “Are these boys enjoying themselves?”

Ask -B. Ali ………………………………………………………………..

 7. A. Fatima is taller than Nadia.

As B. Nadia is not ……………………………………………………

 8. A. I cannot buy a car because I don’t have money.

If   B. ………………………………………………, I would buy a car.              

 9. A. "Don’t make that noise, Ali".

Order B. He …………………………………………………………………

 10. A. This is the house. Fatherless children are kept there.

Where- B. This is ………………………………………are kept.                                          

March (2001)

1. A. Adam planted mango tree.

Planted -B. Mango trees ……………………………………………by Adam.

2. A. The boy is so tired that he can’t run.

Too-B. The boy …………………………………………………………………

3. A. Hassan likes cheese more than butter.

Prefer- B. Hassan ………………………………………………………. butter.      

4. A. He ran very fast, but he missed the bus.          

Although- B. He missed …………………………………………………………            

5. A. TV sets are more expensive than radios.

Cheep -B. Radios ……………………………………....................................

March (2002)

1. A. The company is setting up a new factory over there.

Set- B. A new factory ……………………………………………… over there.

2. A. Ali’s car is cheaper than Hassan’s.

Expensive-B. Hassan’s car is …………………………………… than Ali’s.           

3. A. Mothers take good care of their children.

Look-B. Mothers ……………………………………………… their children.        

4. A. Please continue your work.          

Carry-B. Please ……………………………………………… with your work.       

5. A. She didn’t listen carefully to the news.

Pay -B. She didn’t ……………………………………………….. to the news .

March (2003)

1. A. The book was so interesting that I read it twice.

Such- B. It ………………………………………….. that I read it twice.

2. A. “Move that table, Ali.”

Order- B. He ……………………………………………………… that table.

3. A. I wish I could stop smoking.

Give- B. I wish …………………………………………………. smoking.             

4. A. The picture was too high for me to reach.          

Tall-B.I wasn’t ………………………………………….. to reach the picture.         

5. A. They haven’t caused any serious damage.

Do-B. No serious damage …………………………………………………...

June (2003)

1. A. I wasn’t tall enough to reach the picture.

High-B. The picture was ………………………………………for me to reach.

2. A. “Don’t lose hope,” he said.

Told me-B. He …………………………………………………………………       

3. A. The local council hasn’t set up any factory.

Build- B. No factory ……………………………………………by the council.                     

4. A. You will miss the bus unless you hurry.                                                                  If - B. You will miss the bus ……………………………………………hurry.         

5. A. It is such an easy exam that we will all pass.                                                        So – B- The exam is…………………………………………. we all pass.

March (2004):

1- A- Deng is strong. Ali is equally strong.

As – B- Ali……………………………………………………. Deng.

2- A- Susan likes fish more than meat.

Prefer – B- Susan ………………………………………………………

3- A- People like John better than Musa and Ali.

Popular – B- John is ………………………………… of the three.

4- A- It was such tasty food that I ate it all.

So- B- The food………………………………………………. all.

5- A- I am going to read it while on holiday.

During- B- I am going to read it………………………………………………

6- A- We went out in spite of the rain.

Although- B- We went out ……………………………………………………

7- A- There was nothing in the cupboard.

Anything- B- There…………………………………………. in the cupboard.

March (2005)

1- A- We will miss the bus if we don't hurry.

Unless  (B) …………………………………….we will miss the bus.

2- A- Ali is so young that he can't drive a car.

Too (B) Ali is…………………………………………………………...a car.

3- A- The ambulance has taken the two injured boys to hospital.

Been (B) The two injured boys ……………………………………by the ambulance.

4- A- Athletes must not take drugs.

Allow  (B) Athletes…………………………………………………………drugs.

5- A- We went out although it was raining.

In spite of (B) We went out……………………………………………………