Grammar Revision
:VERBS
* Verbs are words that tell us about actions and
states.
1- The actions
are verbs which can be seen: run, go, play.
2- The states
are verbs which can not be seen: feel, understand.
* There are three kinds of verbs:
1- Ordinary
verbs (verbs to do): go, feel.
2- Auxialary (
helping)verbs: am, was , has.
3-Modal verbs:can, must, may.
Tenses
* The tenses
are the times at which the verbs happen.
1- The Present Simple Tense
A- It
describes actions and states which are:
* Factual – The earth rotates round the sun. * Regular – I go to school every
day.
B- Formation:
1- With verb to be:|
I + am + complement.
|
|
He / She / It + is + complement.
|
|
You / They / We + are + complement.
|
1-The Nile
(be).................the longest river in Africa.
2-Children
(be)..................beautiful.
3-I
(be)...................always ready.
2- With verb to have:
|
I / you / They / We + have + complement.
|
|
He / She / It + has + complement.
|
1-Ali always
(have).............................. a cup of tea in the morning.
2-Students
usually (have)........................ alot of lessons to study before exams.
3- With verb to do:
|
I / You / They / We + verb (
infintive ) + complement.
|
1- We
(go)........................ to school every day except Friday.
|
He / She / It + verb + (s/ es) +
complement .
|
*Add (es) if
the verb ends by: s, o , ch , sh or x.
2- It always
(rain)................................. alot in August.
3- She usually
(wash)............................ her clothes at weekends. C- Adverbs
that tell us about the tense:In general we call them adverbs of frequency
which includes: always , usually , sometimes, often , every + time ( every week
), once , twice , seldom , rarely , generally , normally , occassionally and
never.
D- The
negative sentence:
1- With verb to be:
|
Subject + am / is / are + not + complement.
|
Mona (not
be).............................always late.
2- With verb to do:
|
Subject + don’t / doesn’t + verb
(infinitive) + complement.
|
We usually (not
go).............................. to school on holiday.
Ali (not
drive)................................... his car to work every day.
3- With verb to verb to have:
|
Subject + doesn’t / don’t + have +
complement
|
I sometimes
(not have).......................................... dinner at home.
Reem usually
(not have).................................... a cup of tea in the morning.
E- The
question:
1- With verb to be
|
Am / Is / Are + subject + complement?
|
Why
(be)........................ he usually late?
2- With verb to do:
|
Does / Do + subject + verb (infinitive) +
complement?
|
When ....................
you (get).................. up every day?
...................
he regularly (visit)................... his relatives?
3-
With verb to have:
|
Does / Do + subject + have + complement?
|
When
................ you usually (have).......................... your breakfast?
F- The
passive rule: Object + am/is/are + verb (p.p) + complement.
1- Cotton
(grow)…………………………in the Gezira.
2- The Present Continuous
A- It
describes actions which:
1- are
happening at the moment of speaking.
We
(study)......
............................................... grammar now.
2- are
happening at the period of speaking.
My grand father
(stay).............................................. with us these days.
3- will happen
at an arranged time in the near future.
I
(go)....................................... out tonight.
B-
Formation:
|
I + am + verb + ing
|
|
He / She / It + is + verb + ing
|
|
You / They / We + are + verb + ing
|
C- Adverbs
and expresions that mark the tense:
Now – At this
moment – At present – Thesedays – Tonight – Nowadays – Look – Look out – Listen
– Be careful – Be quiet – Be attention – After now .
D- The
negative sentence:
|
Subject + am / is / are + not + verb +
ing
|
I (not
work)............................................. these days.
E- The
question: Am / Is /
Are + subject + verb + ing + complement ?
What
...................... he (do)....................... now?
F- The passive rule: Object + am/is/are + being + verb
(p.p) + complement
Millions of trees (plant)……………………………..these days.
I- Verbs that tell about states such as: like, understand, know………….etc
and the verb to be are not used in the present continuous. When we find them
with present continuous markers we put them in the present simple.
Ahmed (not be)………………………..at home now.
…………..you (like)…………………going out these days?
3-The Past Simple Tense
A- It
describes actions or states which started and finished before now.
B-
Formation:
1- With verb to be:
|
Subject + was / were + complement.
|
The weather (be).................... hot
yesterday.
We
(be)......................... busy last week.
2- With verb to have:
|
Subject + had + complement.
|
They
(have)....................... their supper late last night.
3- With verb to do:
* If the
verb is regular add (ed).
They
(travel)................................. to Egypt a month ago.
* If the
verb is irregular , write its past simple form.
The students
(leave)................................ the school before an hour.
C- Adverbs
and expressions that mark the tense:
Yesterday –
Last + time (last month) – Ago – Just now – Before now – Once upon a time.
D- The
ngative sentence: 1- With verb to be:
|
Subject + was / were + not + complement.
|
Ali (not
be).............................. at school yesterday.
2- With verb to do:
|
Subject + didn’t + verb (infinitive) +
complement.
|
Our team (not
play)............................... well last match.
3- With verb to have:
|
Subject + didn’t + have + complement.
|
I (not
have)............................................ my supper last night.
E- The
question:
1- With verb to be:
|
Was / Were + subject + complement?
|
Why (be) .................
you late last week?
2- With verb to do:
|
Did + subject + verb (infinitive) +
complement?
|
................
you (sleep)........................... well last night?
3- With verb to have:
|
Did + subject + have + complement?
|
Where
......................... they (have).......................... their supper
yesterday?
F- The
passive rule: Object + was/were + verb (p.p) + complement.
Many
univercities (build)…………………………..in 1994.
4-The Past Continuous Tense
A- It
describes two actions which:
* happened at the same time in the past.
While the
mother (cook)..................................... her baby (sleep)........................
* happened in the past but one of them started
before another.
I
(study)......................................... when the telephone
(ring)..............................
B-
Formation:
|
Subject + was / were + verb + ing
|
C- Adverbs
that mark the tense:
While – As – When
.
D- The
negative sentence:
|
Subject + was / were + not + verb + ing
|
The students (
not speak ).................................... when the teacher
(enter).......... the class.
E- The
question:
|
Was / Were + subject + verb + ing +
complement?
|
What
................... you (do)................
when it rained last night?
F- The passive
rule: Object + was/were + being + verb (p.p).
A lot of noise (make)……………………..when the teacher
entered the class.
5-The Present PerfectTense
A- It
describes actions and states which started in the past but have results in the
present.
B- Formation: 1- With verb to be
|
I / You / They / We + have + been +
complement.
|
|
He / She / It + has + been + complement.
|
They
(be)........................................... neighbours for years.
Ali (Be)...........................................
to Juba for the first time in his life.
2- With verb to have:
|
I / You / They / We + have + had +
complement.
|
|
He / She / It + has + had + complement.
|
Mona
(have)....................................... alot of work this year.
I
............................ just (have)...................... my breakfast.
3- With verb to do:
|
Subject + has / have + verb ( P. P ).
|
The bus
..................... already ( leave )........................... .
I
.................... just ( recieve )................................ a letter from
abroad.
C- Adverbs
that mark the tense:Since
– for – recently – lately – this + a period of time ( this month ) – just –
already – never – yet – ever .
D- The
negative sentence:
|
Subject + has / have + not + Verb ( P.P
).
|
I (not see).............................................
my friend for an age.
E- The
question:
|
Have / Has + subject + verb ( P. P ) +
complement?
|
What
.................. you (do)....................... this week?
................
she ever (be)...................... abroad?
................
they just (have)..................... their test?
F- The
passive rule: Object + has/have + been + verb (p.p).
This desk
(reair)……………………………..three times this year.
6-The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
A-It describes
actions which started in the past but are continuing in the present.
B-
Formation:
|
Subject + has / have + been + verb + ing
+ complement.
|
C- Adverbs that mark the tense:
Since – For – This +
a period of time ( this week ).
D- The
nagative sentence:
|
Subject + has / have + not + been + verb
+ ing + complement.
|
E- The
question:
|
Has / Have + subject + been + verb + ing
+ complement?
|
Examples:
1- That man
(wait).......................................... for the bus for ten minutes.
2- These
students (answer).......................................... the examination
since 8a.m. but no one ............................ yet
(finish).........................
3- Look , these
boys (swim)..................................... for half an hour.
4- What
..................you (do)............................ this hour?
7- The past perfect tense
A- It
describes two actions happened in the past but one of them started and finished
before another.
B-
Formation: 1- With verb to be
|
Subject + had + been + complement.
|
She
(be)..................................... out , when I (phone)........................
her house.
2- With verb to have:
|
Subject + had + had + complement.
|
Ali
(have).................................... alot of bad luck before he reached
the school.
3-
With verb to do:
|
subject + had + verb (p. p).
|
The teacher
(leave)................................. the school before we came.
C- Adverbs
that mark the tense:
Before – After – When – Already –
just – never .
D- The
negative sentence:
|
Subject + had + not + verb (p.p) +
complement.
|
Ali (not
be)........................................ at home when I went there
yesterday.
E- The
question:
|
Had + subject + verb (p.p) + complement?
|
Exceptions:
1- When is used for the past perfect if:
* There are two verbs but one of them is verb
to be.
Mona (be)............................. ill
when we visited her.
* There are
more than two clauses.
When we
(arrive).......................... the school , we
(discover).............................that the bell
(ring)...............................
2- Already / just / never are used for the
past perfect if they come after a clause in the past simple.
You were
unlucky , the shop ............................ already (close)......................................
She was unlucky
the plane ………………..just (take)………………….off.
F-The passive rule: Object + had + been + verb
(p.p).
The work
(do)………………………………when the sky rained.
8- The Simple Future Tense
A- It describes
actions and states which will happen after now.
B-
Formation:
|
I / We + shall + verb (infinitive) +
complement.
|
|
He / She / It / You / They + will + verb
(infinitive) + complement
|
I (visit)…................................
my grand parents next holiday.
He (be)…............................
busy tomorrow.
The headmaster
(have)…............................. breakfast with us after thrree days.
C- Adverbs
that mark the tense:
Tomorrow – Next
+ time (next month) – After now – Soon .
D- The
negative sentence:
|
Subject + will / shall + not + verb
(infinitive) + complement.
|
Will not =
won’t / shall not = shan’t
They (not have)…...............................
a test next week.
The weather
(not be)…............................ cold tomorrow.
She (not see)………………………………the
film tonight.
E- The
question:
|
Will / Shall + subject + verb
(infinitive) + complement ?
|
Where ….................
you (spend)…...................... your next holiday?
F- The
passive rule: Object + will/shall + be + verb ( p.p)
The streets
(decoorate)………………………………..by next December.
9- The future continuous
A- It
describes actions or states which:
1-talk
about something which will be in progress at a time in the near future.
Dno't phone me
at 8.00. I will be doing my homework then.
2- talk about things in the future which are already
planned, or which are partof a regular routine.
We will be
sitting for the examinations next March.
B-
Formation:
I / you / he /
she / it / we / they + will + be + verb + ing + complement.
C- The
negative sentence:
Subject + will
+ not + verb + ing + complement.
I will not be
working tomorrow, because I will be on a holiday.
D- The
question:
Will + subject
+ be + verb + ing + complement ?
Where will
people be living in the next century?
10- The conditional sentences
* They are
sentences which happen according to certain conditions:
A- Probable. B- Improbable / imaginary. C- Impossible.
* The
conditional sentence has two clauses
|
If
clause
Main clause
 If (1):Present simple/continuous will / shall / can / may + verb
(infinitive)
1f
(2): Past simple would /
should / could / might + verb (inf)
If (3): Past perfect would / should / could / might+ have (PP).
|
Examples:
A- Put verbs
in brackets in their correct forms:
1- If we
(be)………………………………….. lucky, we can catch the plane.
2- If they came
early, they (meet)…………………………. the head master.
3- If I
(have)………………………… a lot of money, I would have bought a car.
11 -The clause of time
It is
introduced by using the following words:
As soon as ,
after , when , as , before , immediately , since , till / until , whenever , no
sooner than , hardly………when.
* In the time
clause the verb is in the present simple.
* In the main
clause the verb is in the future.
1- I
(send)…………………… you a telegram as soon as I hear some good news.
2- When she
(come)……………….. I will meat her at the airport.
3- After we
finish, we (go)………………………… out.
12
- The question Tag
1- It is a
short question which is put at the end of the sentence.
* If the
sentence is positive we add a negative tag.
Sudan is a big country, isn't it?
* If the sentence is negative we add a
positive tag.
They are not always busy, are they?
2- The tag
of the auxiliary verbs:
is – isn't /
are – aren't / was – wasn't / were – weren't / can – can't - must – mustn't /
has – hasn't / had – hadn't / will – won't / shall – shan't - would –
wouldn't. 3- The tag of
the present simple:
*
If the verb takes (s), the tag is (doesn't + pronoun).
She takes the
bus to school every day, doesn't she?
*If the verb is
infinitive, the tag is (don't + pronoun).
We go to school
every day, don't we?
4- The tag
of the past simple with verb to do is (didn't + pronoun).
Our team played
well last match, didn't it?
5-
Exceptions:
A- The tag of (I am) is (aren’t I).
B- The tag of
(let's) is (shall we).
I am always
busy,……………………?
Let's play a
game,…………………….?
13- Deduction: must, can't
1- We use must
in deduction to say that we are sure about something.
It isnot very
warm and you are not wearing a coat. You must be cold. ( I am sure that
you are cold) .
2- We use can't
(not mustn't) as the negative of must in this meaning. We use can't in
deduction to say that something is impossible.
Ali was here a
moment ago, so he can't be far away.
3- Note the
form: must / can't + be + verb + ing.
You have been
working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. ( I am sure that you are
feeling tired.)
Simon has
bought two tickets for the concert, so he can't be going on his own. ( It is
impossible that he is going on his own) .
14- The conditional sentences
* They are
sentences which happen according to certain conditions:
A- Probable. B- Improbable / imaginary. C- Impossible.
* The conditional sentence has two clauses:
|
If clause
Main clause
If
(1):Present simple/continuous
will / shall / can / may + verb (infinitive)
1f
(2): Past simple would /
should / could / might + verb (inf)
If
(3): Past perfect would /
should / could / might+ have (PP).
|
Examples:
A- Put verbs
in brackets in their correct forms:
1- If we
(be)………………………………….. lucky, we can catch the plane.
2- If they came
early, they (meet)…………
………………. the head master.
3- If I
(have)………………………………. a lot of money, I would have bought a car.
Previous Years Examinations
1- March (2000)
1- They
(wait)…………………………………………since early this morning.
2- How ……………….you (go)………………to
shool every day?
3- That factory ( build
)…………………………..ten years ago.
4- If they
(move)………………………………..now, they will catch the flight.
5- These (be)……………….beautiful
pictures.
6- Yesterday while I
(walk)………………… with my father, we (meet)………
a blind man. I (not know)………………………..who that
man (be)……….,
but my father told me his name after he
(go)……………………………….
2- March (2001)
1- Don't worry , dear Layla!
The children (play)………………………at this moment. They
(take)……………….already………………….their tea and do not need anything. I always
(give)…………… Nawal some bread and butter.Her brother (like)……………….hot milk and
cakes. The cakes (be)………...in the kitchen, but don't let them eat too many.
2- She (not
work)……….………………………..hard, did she?
3- While we
(pass)………………………an old farm, we saw a strange object. No one knew what it (be)…………………..
4- The Islamic Bank
(open)……………………a branch in our town next year.
3- March (2002)
1- If I
(be)…………………him, I wouldn't buy that car.
2- We
(do)…………………………………this work for the last three years.
3- They usually
(not spend)……………………………their holiday here.
4- While he
(try)….................... to reach the top of the wall, he (fall)……….
down and
(break)……………………his hand.
5- You ( not
catch)……………………… the bus unless you (hurry)……………
6- When I
reached the airport yesterday, I (remember)………………………that
I
(leave)……………………………my ticket at home.
4- March (2003)
1- My brother
(stand)……………………… there when the tree (fall)……….… yesterday.
2- According to
the weather forecast, tomorrow (not be)………………very cold.
3- you look
tired. If I (be)………… you, I (have)………………………some rest.
4- When I
(come)………………… out of the school yesterday, I (find)…………
that my bicycle
(disappear)………………………………………
5- She
(wait)…………………………for the bus at this bus station for half an hour every day.
6- The news
(never be)…………………………………good for the last few days.
5- June ( 2003)
1- He generally
(wear)…………….. a black suit, but today (wear)………………
a light one.
2- I (see)…………
him a month ago, but I (not see)………………… him since.
3- I
(send)………………… you a telegram as soon as I (hear)………… the good news.
4- She
(go)………………… to school yesterday when it (start)…………to rain.
5- I returned
the book to the library after I (finish)…………………… reading it.
6- She
(read)………………………… for the last two hours, but she (not finish)
…………………………..half
of the story yet.
6- March 2004
1- Look out of the window! Can you see what
(happen)…………………………?
2- I didn't meet Ali last night. If I (meet)……………………………
him, I (warn) ……………………………………….him.
3- Many
universities (build)……………………………….in 1994.
4- My brother
(be)………… lucky yesterday. He (just leave)……………………
the house when
it (collapse)…………………………
5- The director
has just arrived. He (see)………………… you if you (go)……...
in now.
6-……………………………………(you
/ visit) your relatives regularly?
7- They
(watch)…………………… TV yesterday when the bell (ring)…………
7- March 2005
1- While Ali
(run)………………… to school yesterday, a dog (attack)…………
him. He picked
a stone and (throw)……………… it at the dog. But when he got
to school, the
first lesson (already start)…………………………………
2- My mother
(visit)……………… Cairo next month. But I (never be)…………
there.
3- Ahmed (not
be)………………… at home now. He must be (help)………………..
his father.
4- My friend
(go)…………………………shopping yesterday.
5- If the
fisherman catches a lot of fish, he (sell)……………………it in the market.
Part Two: Suffixes and Prefixes
* The suffixes are the letters which added to the
end of the word.
* The following
table shows the most common suffixes used in the (Spine Series):
|
Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs
|
|
ment-ence
– ion- ance – able-
ish-al-ous-ive- ize-ed ly
|
|
tion-
sion – al- ssion –
ial-ic-y-ing-ed-less-
en-ing
|
|
ing-
ness – or – ity – er
ian-ful-ible-ative
|
|
ture
– ty – th – edge –
|
|
dom –
ant – ure
|
A-Nouns
1- Nouns
ending (ment):
Develop-employ-environ-improve-adverise-invest-enrolt-manage-encourage-amaze
-equip- agree
2-Nouns
ending in (tion):
Produce-reduce-inform-occupy-admire-define-compose-
exploit-privatize-explore-modern-recommend-invite-prepare-
solve-expect-plant-preserve-organize-modernize-prepare-recognize-
3-Nouns
ending in (ion):
Participate-co-operate-destruct-prevent-locate-congratulate-digest-decorate-exavate-admit-abbreviate-adopt-graduate-promote-accommodate-impress-educate-distribute-celebrate-confuse
4-Nouns
ending in (sion):
Erode / erosion
–expand / expansion –provide / provision –revise / revision -televise / television -
5-Nouns
ending in (ssion):
Permit /
permission – submit / submission –
6- Nouns
ending in (ence):
Defend /
defence – differ / difference – absent / absence – violent / violence –depend /
dependence.
7-Nouns
ending in (ance):
Importance –
romance – acceptance
8-Nouns
ending in (ness):
Aware- happy –
fit – careless – remote – lonely - lazy - kind
9- Nouns
ending in (ity):
Able – major– electric – mobile – accessible– responsible– hospital–
prosper– available– punctual – modern–
possible - real – national – necessary
– active .
10-Nouns ending in (y/ ty):
Difficult /
difficulty – honest / honesty – loyal / loyalty – vary / variety – poor /
poverty /unite / unity – safe / safety – cruel / cruelty –
11-Nouns
ending in (dom):
Free / freedom
– king / kingdom – wise / wisdom
12- Nouns
ending in (or/er):
Act / actor – sail / sailor – farm / farmer –
produce / producer – play / player
13-Nouns
ending in (th):
Heal / health –
true / truth – grow / growth – long / length –
14-Nouns
ending in (ing):
Wed – wedding /
save – saving / earn – earning / greet – greeting / harvest – harvesting /
process – processing.
15-Nouns
ending in (ture/ ure):
Furnish – furniture
/ please – pleasure
B- Adjectives
1- Adjectives ending in (ful):
Use – faith –
truth – success – help – thank –care –joy –beauty- wonder –power – peace –
revenge
2-Adjectives
ending (ive):
Effect –
expense – information – digest –detect – talk –aggress- attract- act
3-Adjective
ending in (ous):
Fame – poison –
continue – suspense –mystery –superstition –nerve- anxiety- vary- mystery
4-Adjective
ending in (able/ ible):
Love – move
–renew –value- laugh – believe – comfort – fashion
5-Adjectives
ending in (ic):
Economy /
economic – drama / dramatic – romance / romantic – energy / energetic
6-
Adjectives ending in (al):
Nation /
national – region / regional – education / educational – agriculture /
agricultural – locate / local – physic / physical – nature / natural – form /
formal culture / cultural – practice / practical – origin / original – economic
/ economical – tradition / traditional
7-Adjectives
/ Nouns of nationalities:
When you are
making Adjectives and Nouns of nationalities and jobs, remember they have
different endings (suffixes):
They could end
in: (ese) – (ch) –( ish) –(ian) – (an) or( ist )
China/ Chinese
/ Sudan / Sudanese / Japan/ Japanese /France /French / Britain /British
/ England / English / America / American / Brazil / Brazilian Africa/ African /
Europe / European / politics / politician / archeology / archeologist.
8-Adjectives
ending in (y):
Health –
healthy / rain – rainy / wind – windy / risk – risky / dirt – dirty
9-Adjectives
ending in (ing):
Excite – exciting
/ interest – interesting / increase – increasing
C- Verbs
1- Verbs
ending in (ize):
Modern –
modernize / private – privatize / economy – economize / special / specialize –
real / realize
2-Verbs
ending in (en):
Threat –
threaten / deep – deepen
D- Adverbs
Proper –
properly / bitter – bitterly / traditional – traditionally / quiet – quietly /
heavy – heavily / original – originally / absolute – absolutely / anxious –
anxiously / instant – instantly / like – likely / extreme – extremely / careful
– carefully.
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