موضوع انجليزي عن دولة لبنان

موضوع انجليزي عن دولة لبنان معلومات عن لبنان بالانجليزي موضوع تعبير عن لبنان بالانجليزي لبنان الوجهات بيروت بالانجليزي نبذة عن لبنان معلومات عن لبنان اقتصاد لبنان  عاصمة لبنان لبنان تعرف رسمياً بالجمهورية اللبنانية بحث عن لبنان انجليزي عن دولة لبنان معلومات عن لبنان بالانجليزي لبنان الوجهات لبناني للكبار فقط هل لبنان دولة اسلامية موضوع عن لبنان وجماله لبنان الوجهات موضوع تعبير عن لبنان بالانجليزي لبنان نقاط الاهتمام موضوع عن لبنان وجماله موضوع انجليزي عن دولة لبنان معلومات عن لبنان بالانجليزي موضوع تعبير عن لبنان بالانجليزي

information about lebanon

paragraph about lebanon

lebanon tourism

lebanon beirut

information about lebanon

information about lebanon

paragraph about lebanon

lebanon tourism

lebanon beirut

Lebanon is a parliamentary democratic republic. Its capital is Beirut, where 1.9 

million inhabitants are concentrated. The cedar country, with an area of ​​10,452 km2, has a population estimated at more than 4 million inhabitants. The Lebanese pound is its currency. We speak Arabic and French, but also English and Armenian.

Presentation of the country

Overview

Lebanon - Statistical indicators (The State of the World 1997, La Découverte edition)

Area: 10400 km²

Language: Lebanese Arabic, French, English (summit of the Francophonie in Beirut in 2002)

Capital: Beirut

Currency: Lebanese pound (100 pounds = 0.75 € at 01.01.2002)

Nature of the scheme: parliamentary democracy

Head of State: Emile LAHOUD

Prime Minister: Rafiq HARIRI, since 30.10.92 with a break of a few months in 99

Demography

Population: 3.1 million (1996 figures, last census in 1970)

Density: 289.3 inhabitants per km² (1995)

History

6,000 years of history!

The history of Lebanon begins around the fourth millennium with the arrival of the Canaanites, ancestors of the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians settled on the coast and founded ports that became the cities known today. Sailors and traders, they establish many relations with their neighbors. They become "the brokers of the peoples in the islands without number" (Ezekiel 23,3).

Then come various Egyptian invaders, Assyrian, Babylonian or Persian who exploit the resources of Lebanon for 1500 years.

Lebanon is therefore a land of conflict and passage.

The Roman era

The "Pax Romana" established during the conquest of these lands by the Romans allows Phenicia to recover its prosperity. Beryt (Beirut) is then an important center of commerce. Byblos (Ibeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbeck are famous for their sanctuaries.

Phenicia and Syria are at that time politically attached. It is from this "Syria Province" that the idea of ​​"Greater Syria" comes.

At this time, Jesus and his disciples go through Lebanon. Christianity then spreads thanks to St. Paul (tyr in 57) and thanks to the edict of Milan (313).

Arabs

The religious quarrels, the conflicts in particular between the Byzantine emperors and the local kings (Sassanids) exhaust the empire. In July 636, the troops of the caliph (leader of Islam) invaded the whole region to Damascus and Byzantium. It is the reign of two great dynasties: Ommeyads and Abbasids. The Maronite Church, founded by Saint Maron (Maroun) in the 4th century, is very often persecuted during this period.

The Crusades period

Lebanon keeps crossing many strongholds all along the coast.

Mamluks and Ottomans

With the withdrawal of the crusaders at the end of the 13th century, the importance of the Mamluks (former slaves of Turkish origin serving in the Egyptian army) and Ottomans developed on Lebanese territory. Lebanon is then part of the Ottoman Empire. Inside this empire, the emirs of the Cou (region of Mount Lebanon) like Fakhr ed Dine, extend their authority over the whole region corresponding to Lebanon (from XVI to XVIII century).

The nineteenth century

In the nineteenth century, Egyptians and Ottomans clash. In 1860, the Maronites were massacred by the Druyes in the Chouf: 11,000 dead, 100,000 homeless. The French support the Maronites, the English Druze. The French land and found a state: Mount Lebanon, in agreement with the Ottomans.

It was at this time that our patron saint lives: Saint Rafqâ de Himlaya.

The French presence

After the first world war, the Ottomans are among the vanquished. Lebanon and Syria are then entrusted to France. This is the period of the "French Mandate".

From independence to civil war

In 1943, the French proclaimed the independence of Lebanon. The country lives a certain prosperity. The number of Palestinian refugees is increasing to 500,000 by the 1970s. Palestinian commandos are carrying out military operations in Israel from Lebanon. The clashes between the Lebanese army and these commandos are multiplying. On April 13, 1975, a car bomb explodes in front of a church, the Christians fight back and shoot a bus of Palestinians: this is the beginning of the war. This will last until the arrival of the Syrians in 1990 following the Tref agreements (October 1989).

Geography

Lebanon is a long country with 230 km from North to South and 40 to 100 km from East to West.

From West to East follow one another:

• a narrow coastal plain where all the big cities are located,

• a mountain range called Mount Lebanon

• a wider plain: the Bekaa,

• another mountain range formed by Anti-Lebanon and Mont-Hermon. This forms the border with Syria.

The population is mainly concentrated on the coast as well as in the main city of Bekaa: Zahle. Thus, the economic activity of the country is concentrated on the coast.

Climate

There are not four seasons but rather two. Winter is not very cold in itself in Beirut, but the humidity is penetrating. From March-April, the weather becomes beautiful, to become very hot (and always very wet) From July to September. As soon as you climb a little higher altitudes, the temperature decreases, both in summer and in winter. And the climate of the Bekaa is much more continental.

Peoples and religions

Lebanon is a multi-faith country. Religion is present in all sectors of Lebanese life.

A "national pact" was tacitly established from the French Manda (see story) to divide the governmental and administrative functions between the different religions and different rites. Thus the President of the Republic is a Maronite (Christian), the Prime Minister a Sunni (Muslim, the President of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite (Muslim).) Originally this distribution was linked to the numerical importance of communities. Little by little, the trend has reversed but the distribution of roles remains unchanged.

The military occupation of the country by Syria, the economic situation, the lack of hope lead young Lebanese to leave their country: 500 departures per day since 1998, including many Christians.

Given the history of Lebanon, the inhabitants of this country are of very diverse origin (Phoenician, Arab, cross, Armenian ...) and religions are also very numerous. The Lebanese constitution recognizes 17 different confessions:

• eleven Christians (six of whom belong to Rome: Maronites, Greek Catholics, Armenian Catholics, Syrian Catholics, Chaldeans, Catholics and Latins)

• four Muslim (Sunni, Shiite, Alawite, Ismaili), Druze and Jewish.

Majority until the war, Christians are today a minority. Following the war, religious communities fell back to regions where they were the majority. Thus cities and regions are divided into zones of influence:

• East Beirut: Christians,

• West Beirut: Muslims,

• Chouf: Druze,

• Tyr: Muslim,

• Saïda: Christians,

• Bekaa: Muslims,

• Zahle: Christians ...

Today, there is also a strong immigration of Sri Lankan, Filipino, Sudanese.

Languages ​​and currencies

The language of the country is Lebanese Arabic, but many speak French and more and more also know English.

The national currency is the Lebanese pound, relatively stable in recent years (1500 LL # 1 US $) The US dollar is also commonly used.