تعبير برجراف مقال نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير
موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات
بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب ..
أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم
الفلكية علم الأحياء علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص
مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه
تلامذته باختصار مترجم
أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم (354 هـ/965م-430
هـ/1040م) عالم موسوعي مسلم قدم إسهامات كبيرة في الرياضيات والبصريات والفيزياء وعلم
الفلك والهندسة وطب العيون والفلسفة العلمية والإدراك البصري سيرته أعماله كتاب المناظر نظرية الرؤية المنهج العلمي مسألة ابن الهيثم أعمال فيزيائية أخرى الأبحاث البصرية الفيزياء الفلكية أعماله في علم الفلك معلومات عن ابن
الهيثم بالانجليزي من هو ابن هيثم انجازات
ابن الهيثم ابن الهيثم تعليمه وتحصيله العلمي بحث عن الحسن بن الهيثم كامل ابن الهيثم الكتب وفاة ابن الهيثم ibn
al haytham inventions
Alhazen was born in 980, in the
city of Basra in present-day Iraq, where he received his education, which he
completed, however, in the city of Baghdad. At the time, Basra was under the
control of the Buwayhid dynasty that reigned over Persia at that time. That's
why he is sometimes referred to as al-Basri. Although the question is not
accepted by everyone, most people agree that he died in Cairo in Egypt in 1040.
Alhazen began his scientific
career in his hometown of Basra. He was, however, summoned by the Caliph Hakim
who wanted to regularize the floods of the Nile that hit Egypt year after year.
On the other hand, after conducting an expedition in the middle of the desert
to go back to the source of the famous river, Alhazen realized that this
project was practically impossible. Back in Cairo, he feared that the caliph,
who was furious at his failure, would take revenge and decide to feign madness.
The caliph therefore confined him to his personal residence.
Alhazen took advantage of this
time to write several books on various subjects such as astronomy, medicine,
mathematics, scientific method and optics. The exact number of his writings is
not known with certainty but there is talk of a number between 80 and 200.
However, few of these works have survived to this day. Most of them, like his
books on cosmology and his treatises on optics, survived only because of their
Latin translation.
After the death of the Caliph
Hakim, in 1021, Alhazen stopped feigning his madness and was able to leave his
residence. He took the opportunity to undertake some trips, especially in
Spain.
Most of his research was in
optical physics. He was one of the first physicists to study light, one of the
first engineers and one of the first astronomers. Contrary to popular belief,
he was the first to explain why the sun and the moon seem bigger. (It was long
believed that it was Ptolemy) It is also he who contradicted Ptolemy on the
fact that the eye would emit light. According to him, if the eye was designed
this way we could see the night. He understood that the light reflected on
objects and then entered the eye.
He was also the first to dissect
an eye. He also stated a theory about judgment and recognition of objects. He
says that we only recognize objects that we know. Recognition is therefore
based on memory and is not just a sensation related to judgment because we do
not recognize objects that are unknown to us. He also studied the mechanics of
movement and said that an object in motion will keep moving as long as no other
force stops it. This is the first law of the movement that Newton will
rediscover.
In astronomy he tried to measure
the height of the atmosphere and found that the phenomenon of twilight (sunrise
and sunset light without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction:
the sun's rays must not exceed an angle of 19 ° with the atmosphere. He also
spoke of the attraction of the masses and it is believed that he knew the
gravitational acceleration.
Alhazen has written several books
on optics. In his Kitâb fi'l Manazîr, a book devoted to optical physics and
which he took six years to write (1015-1021), he scientifically proves the
theory of Aristotle's intromission that light enters the eye . It proves that
all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides at 90
° with the eye that we will see the object reflecting the ray. The image will
then form on the lens (this is what he believed) as can be seen in the diagram.
In the same field, he says that
the eye could perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the
movement of something. He also proved that the eye actually perceives two
images even if we only see one.
Unlike the Greeks, according to
him the truth is demonstrated by the demonstration and not by the logic and the
beauty of the reasoning. This book was translated into Latin in 1270 and
pleased the scientists of the Middle Ages. According to him the refraction of
the light is caused by a slowing or an acceleration of the light in its
displacement. In a denser medium the light travels more slowly according to
Alhazen. It also finds a relationship between the angle of incidence and the
angle of refraction but this ratio is constant only when it is the same
material that refracts the radius. He does all his work in a dark room which we
owe him the invention. It explains the magnifying power of lenses.
He still did not solve
everything. Indeed, he never solved the problem that was named: The Alhazen
billiards problem. The problem can be summed up as "find the point, on the
edge of a circular billiard, where the tail ball must be sent to come back to
hit the black ball after bouncing once on the edge" Alhazen managed to
find it through to conic sections, but no one, nor even him, has been able to
prove it mathematically using algebra. Several scientists have tried to solve
this problem like Huygens who did great things in light. But 1000 years later
an Oxford professor completed his work. He proved through algebra and this
gives a fourth-degree equation.
Alhazen was a few centuries ahead
of several discoveries made by Western scientists during the Renaissance. He
was one of the first to use a method of scientific analysis and greatly
influenced scientists like Roger Bacon and Kepler.
Alhazen is highly esteemed by the
scientific population. His portrait is also on the Iraqi ticket of 10,000
dinars. Another tribute to Alhazen was to name the asteroid 59 239 Alhazen in
his honor.
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