تعبير برجراف مقال نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير
موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة
،بحث
كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث
جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم
الفلكية علم الأحياء علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص
مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه
تلامذته باختصار مترجم
أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم (354 هـ/965م-430
هـ/1040م) عالم موسوعي مسلم قدم إسهامات كبيرة في الرياضيات والبصريات والفيزياء وعلم
الفلك والهندسة وطب العيون والفلسفة العلمية والإدراك البصري سيرته أعماله كتاب المناظر نظرية الرؤية المنهج العلمي مسألة ابن الهيثم أعمال فيزيائية أخرى الأبحاث البصرية الفيزياء الفلكية أعماله في علم الفلك معلومات عن ابن
الهيثم بالانجليزي من هو ابن هيثم انجازات
ابن الهيثم ابن الهيثم تعليمه وتحصيله العلمي بحث عن الحسن بن الهيثم كامل ابن الهيثم الكتب وفاة ابن الهيثم ibn
al haytham inventions
Alhazen or Ibn al-Haytham, whose
real name is Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (Basra, 965 - Cairo,
1039) is a mathematician, philosopher and physicist of the medieval Arab-Muslim
world. He is of Persian origin.
One of the first promoters of the
experimental scientific method, but also one of the first theoretical
physicists to use mathematics, he is distinguished by his founding work in the
fields of physiological optics and optics. Some, for these reasons, have
described him as the first true scientist.
Biography
Alhazen was born in 965 in Basra
in present-day Iraq where he received an education which he completed, however,
in the city of Baghdad. At the time, Basra was under the control of the
Buwayhid dynasty that reigned over Persia. That's why he is sometimes referred
to as al-Bassri. Although this version is not accepted by everyone, most people
agree that he died in Cairo in Egypt in 1039.
Alhazen began his scientific
career in his hometown of Basra. He was however summoned by the Caliph Hakim
who wanted to control the floods of the Nile which hit Egypt year after year.
After conducting an expedition through the desert to the source of the famous
river, Alhazen realized that this project was practically impossible. Back in
Cairo, he feared that the caliph, who was furious at his failure, would take
revenge and decide to feign madness. He is then under house arrest.
He took advantage of this forced
leisure to write several books on various subjects such as astronomy, medicine,
mathematics, scientific method and optics. Nearly 200 books were attributed by
the biographers but only about sixty came to us. Few of these works, in fact,
have survived to this day. Some, those on cosmology and its treatises on optics
in particular, have survived only thanks to their Latin translation.
After the death of the Caliph
Hakim, in 1021, Alhazen stopped feigning his madness and was able to leave his
residence. He took the opportunity to undertake some trips, including to
Al-Andalus.
His research
Most of his research was in
geometrical and physiological optics. He was one of the first physicists to
study light, one of the first engineers and astronomers. Contrary to a popular
belief, he was the first to explain why the sun and the moon seem bigger when
they are near the horizon (it was long believed that it was Ptolemy), he also
establishes that the light of the moon comes from the sun. It is also he who
contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light. According to
him, if the eye was designed this way we could see the night. He understood
that the sunlight was scattered by the objects and then entered the eye.
He was also the first to
illustrate the anatomy of the eye with a diagram. As this diagram is not novel
in relation to Galen's anatomical knowledge, there is still doubt as to whether
it was copied from an ancient Greek manuscript, or whether it arose from a
contemporary dissection.
He also stated a theory about
judgment and recognition of objects. He notices that we recognize only the
objects we know, and that the image of an object persists for some time after
we have closed our eyes. Recognition is therefore based on memory and is not
just a sensation related to judgment, because we do not recognize objects that
are unknown to us. He also studied the mechanics of movement and said that a
moving object continues to move as long as no force stops it. The principle of
inertia will be stated by Galileo and will be formulated rigorously by Isaac
Newton.
In astronomy, he tried to measure
the height of the atmosphere and found that the phenomenon of twilight (sunrise
and sunset light without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction:
the sun's rays must not not exceed an angle of 19 ° with the atmosphere. He
also spoke of the attraction of the masses and it is believed that he knew the
gravitational acceleration.
Alhazen has written several books
on optics. In his Treatise on Optics, a book devoted to optical physics and
which he took six years to write (1015-1021), he scientifically proves the
theory of Aristotle's intromission according to which light enters the eye. It
proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray
collides at 90 ° with the eye that we will see the object reflecting the ray.
The image, according to Alhazen, was formed on the lens.
In the same field, he says that
the eye could perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the
movement of something. He also proved that the eye actually perceives two
images even if we only see one by the demonstration and not by the logic and
the beauty of the reasoning. This book was translated into Latin only in 1270.
According to him, the refraction of the light is caused by a slowing or an
acceleration of the light in its displacement. In a denser medium the light
travels more slowly, according to Alhazen. It also finds a ratio between the
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction but this ratio is constant only
when it is the same material that refracts the radius. He does all his work in
a dark room which we owe him the invention. It explains the magnifying power of
lenses.
In the V book devoted to the
catadioptric of his treatise on optics is a discussion of the question known
today as the problem of Alhazen billiards. The problem can be summarized as
follows: "Let two balls A and B placed at any two points of a perfectly
circular billiard. Find the point on the edge on which the ball A must be sent
to return to hit the ball B after bouncing once. Alhazen was able to find it
through conic sections, but he failed to prove it using mathematical algebra
reasoning. Leonardo da Vinci designed an instrument with an articulated system
to build a mechanical solution to Alhazen's problem. Several scientists have
tried to solve this problem like Christian Huygens but it was only in 1997 that
Peter M. Neumann, professor at Oxford, demonstrated that the solution uses a
fourth degree equation and can not be solved with a rule. and a compass.
Heritage
Alhazen was a few centuries ahead
of several discoveries made by European scientists during the Renaissance. He
was one of the first to use a method of scientific analysis and greatly influenced
scientists like Roger Bacon and Kepler.
His doctrine was disseminated in
Europe by the writings of Roger Bacon and De perspective de Vitellion.
Alhazen is highly esteemed by the
scientific community. His portrait is also on the Iraqi ticket of 10,000
dinars. Another tribute to Alhazen was to name the asteroid (59239) Alhazen in
his honor, as well as to baptize a crater of the moon with his name. In
addition, the International Year of Light and Light-using Technology 2015
commemorates several major scientific events in the field of optics, including
the millennium anniversary of the great discoveries of 10th-century Arab
scientists, including works of Alhazen in 1015.
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