تعبير
برجراف مقال نبدة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن
فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة
عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة
الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story
بحث نشأة
وحياته علوم العلوم الفلكية علم الأحياء
علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي
عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات
مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب
انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته
ابن خلدون
هو عبد الرحمن بن محمد، ابن خلدون أبو زيد، ولي الدين الحضرمي الإشبيلي (1332 -
1406م، ولد في تونس وشب فيها وتخرّج من جامعة الزيتونة، وليَ الكتابة والوساطة بين
الملوك في بلاد المغرب والأندلس ابن خلدون مؤرخ من شمال أفريقيا، تونسي المولد أندلسي
حضرمي الأصل، كما عاش بعد تخرجه من جامعة الزيتونة في مختلف مدن شمال أفريقيا، حيث
رحل إلى بسكرة وغرناطة وبجاية وتلمسان
ابن خلدون بحث مؤلفات ابن خلدون كتب من هو ابن
خلدون وفاة محمد
بن خلدون الحضرمي ابن خلدون اقوال نشأة
ابن خلدون العلمية تأسيس ابن خلدون لعلم الاجتماع
مقدمة
ابن خلدون مؤسس علم الإجتماع
عالم مسلم
Khaldoun
Ibn
Khaldoun (ابن خلدون), born in 1332 and
died in 1406, is a historian, philosopher and politician from North Africa,
from an Andalusian family of Arab origin. He contributed to economic thought by
discovering, six centuries before Arthur Laffer, the "Laffer curve".
Author of the first model of political-economic cycle, sometimes considered as
a "precursor of modern sociology", Ibn Khaldun or Ibn Khaldoun gives
us as early as the fourteenth century elements of reflection of an astonishing
modernity.
Biography
Ibn
Khaldoun was born on May 27, 1332 in Tunis and died on March 17, 1406 in Cairo.
First ambassador and statesman, Ibn Khaldoun leads between Spain and Maghreb a
life of intrigues, conciliations and arbitrations that place him in the
successive service of competing dynasties (hafsides, marinids and abdalwadids)
for which he occupies the occasion of important positions of Secretary of State
or Prime Minister. J. E. Bencheikh (1995) believes that it is this fluctuating
existence that he knows how to reorient without scruples, that he derives an
incomparable knowledge of the political mechanisms that govern the exercise of
power. He then taught in Tunis and Cairo where he held a law professorship and
a post of Grand Cadi (he settled permanently in Egypt, which enjoyed a period
of economic and cultural prosperity under the Mamluks). He wrote from 1372 to
1376 the Muqaddima, "prolegomena" to a voluminous Universal History,
the Kitab al Ibar, which is in fact a history of Muslim empires in which he
tries to formulate theories that could explain the economic decline that then knows
the Muslim world.
A
precursor of political and economic analysis
Ibn
Khaldoun sought to analyze economic issues objectively and was interested in
the necessary consequences of different policies. Preserving his historical
approach to the utopian temptations of philosophers influenced by Greece and
the "ideal city", Ibn Khaldoun was ironical about the assertion that
the government necessarily benefits from divine inspiration or the fact that
social institutions were designed by legislators omniscient:
"The
dignity of the sovereign is as noble as it is attractive. With it, one acquires
worldly enjoyments, all that can satisfy the senses and charm the spirit. He
who possesses it is almost always an object of envy, and he seldom divest
himself of it unless he is compelled to do so by force. (Slane translation,
1934)
Driven
by a growing appetite for luxury, the dynasty gradually frees itself from the
Bedouin simplicity of its origins, it soon expands its powers in various ways
to try to maintain its exuberant spending policy. Apart from the manipulation
of the money supply, there is the use of taxes. A stage arrives where the tax
level begins to affect productivity:
"You
have to know that at the beginning of a dynasty, the tax generates significant
revenues with a small tax base. At the end of the dynasty, the tax brings small
incomes despite a broad base. (Taxation Mechanism, translation Monteil, 1967)
The
decrease in tax yield is attributed to the incentive to produce following the
attack on property rights:
"It
must be understood that attacks on private property eliminate the incentive to
acquire it ... the stagnation of business will be general, because of the
disappearance of any incentive to work. On the contrary, slight damage to
private property will result in a slight work stoppage. For civilization, its
well-being and public prosperity depend on the productivity and efforts of
people in all directions, for their own benefit and for their benefit.
(Injustice destroys civilization, translation Monteil, 1967)
Political
regimes, having finally lost the support of the population, the state relies on
strength. Ibn Khaldoun thus appears to be the first author to describe a
politico-economic dynamic and to explain historical evolution by taking into
account the preferences of political leaders.
إرسال تعليق