تعبير برجراف مقال نبدة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة
،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات
بحث نشأة وحياته علوم العلوم الفلكية علم الأحياء علم النبات الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي معلومة عن مختصرة
الكتب انجازات وفاة مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته
محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد اللواتي الطنجي المعروف بابن بَـطُّوطَة (ولد في 24 فبراير 1304 - 1377م بطنجة) (703 - 779هـ) هو رحالة ومؤرخ وقاض وفقيه مغربي أمازيغي عربي مسلم لقب بـأمير الرحالين المسلمين مختصرة انجازات رحلات وفاة قصة ابن بطوطه مختصر تقرير بطوطة يُعتبر الرحّالة المغربي ابن بطوطة من أكثر الشخصيات صفات وصف ابرز ما اشتهر به ابن بطوطة متى توفي ابن بطوطة لماذا سمي ابن بطوطة سيرة ابن بطوطة Ibn Battuta
The story of Ibn Battuta
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Ibn
Battuta or Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Ibn Batuta
Arab traveler (Tangier 1304-in Morocco
between 1368 and 1377).
Introduction
Born in an honorable family of Tangier
and very much helped by his personal fortune, he began his travels at
twenty-one. But the publication of his stories does not find its origin until
the journeys are completely finished, and only through the intermediary of a
scholar, Ibn Djuzayy, who will write under the dictation of ibn Battuta. It is
certain that, to conform to what the public expected, the editor added
picturesque or marvelous elements, poetic quotes which are not without altering
the documentary value of the innumerable information given by his informant. In
addition, to simplify the presentation, some routes could be grouped
geographically without taking into account their true chronological sequence.
Nevertheless, the traveler's "travel diary" is a true panorama of the
universe in the fourteenth century.
Pilgrim
As it should be to a young graduate in
theology, ibn Battuta begins with the pilgrimage to Mecca. Party in 1325, it
travels North Africa while skirting the littoral. Arriving at the Nile, he
makes a detour that leads him to the first cataracts of the great river. He
then visited Damascus and Aleppo, before finally taking the road to the holy
places: Mecca first (1326), then Mechhed and the tomb of Ali al-Rida. After the
devotions, he went to Persia and Baghdad, and then returned to Arabia (1327),
where he spent three years. Then he reaches the borders of Islam by the Red Sea
and the eastern coast of Africa, and stops at the various Arab counters, to
Kilwa. He returned to Mecca, again as a pilgrim, but after a wide detour
through the Persian Gulf and Persia (1332).
The North
Arabia visited and revisited, the great
adventures will begin. Ibn Battuta first attacked the northern regions: he
crossed Asia Minor and, in Sinope, embarked for Crimea and Kaffa (now
Feodossia), a trading post under Genoese rule. This is the first contact with a
Christian land: the church bells greatly annoy the pious traveler, who
organizes a small counter-demonstration playing muezzin from the minaret of the
mosque. Then it is the visit, in cart, to the territories of the Golden Horde
and to the Tatars of Kiptchak: their khan receives the traveler in the middle
of an astonishing luxury and does him the honor to share some of his wives .
Ibn Battuta then launches a point towards the mysterious countries of the
North, in the icy steppes where one acquires the skins of ermine and sable. At
last, he accompanies one of the women of the Khan, a Greek princess, to
Constantinople, following the coast of the Black Sea: one must still face a
Christian land. The Imperial welcome is however very courteous. Returning to
the khan, ibn Battuta undertakes the great oriental journey.
India
By the Volga and the Aralo-Caspian
steppes, the traveler reaches Afghanistan and painfully crosses the Hindu Kuch.
Arrived in India in 1333, he went to Delhi, where he was going to take a break
of nearly nine years while serving the Sultan.
However, his wishes are fulfilled when he
can abandon this sedentary life, moreover strewn with intrigues: in 1342, he
is, in fact, in charge of an embassy in distant China.
But the ships of his small expedition are
destroyed in Calicut by a hurricane: ibn Battuta must resume the journey on his
own, and he first makes a paradise stay of over a year in the Maldive Islands,
where he acts as judge . In Ceylon, he climbs the famous mountain where we can
see footsteps of a giant, Adam according to some, Buddha for others. Then,
stripped by pirates, he returns to Calicut, leaves again, visits Bengal and
touches Sumatra, where the king, a Muslim, finds him a place on a junk leaving
for China.
China and the return
A long drive led ibn Battuta to Zaiton
(now Quanzhou, Fujian). He then makes many hikes in the huge country that opens
to him, but it does not seem that he has actually reached Beijing, and he will
regret not having been able to contemplate the Great Wall. He will nonetheless
draw a remarkable picture of the Middle Kingdom: he is astonished by a strange
civilization, his magnificent feasts, but he also describes the operation of a
fussy administration, an exemplary justice, of a complex economy.
The traveler must return to the West,
faster than he would have liked, because of political troubles (1347); by
Sumatra and India, it gains again the Persian Gulf, then Syria and, once again,
Mecca. In 1349, he is in Egypt, from where he embarks for Tunis. After a hook
by Sardinia, he finally touches his native land, North Africa
Black Africa
The last journey of ibn Battuta, carried
out on behalf of the Sultan of Morocco, is not, by far, more distant than the
preceding ones; it is, however, of great interest for the geographical
knowledge of its time: the great traveler, in fact, has traveled first, with
his meticulous curiosity, a part of the mysterious countries of the Negroes, on
which, for centuries, no one will know little more than he said.
Party of Sidjilmasa, the main "door
of the Desert", in 1352, with a caravan of merchants, it crosses the
Sahara in two months, after observing what makes the bulk of commercial traffic
in the region, the exchange of salt Taghasa gem against the gold of Sudan. The
contact of the black world, very frugal for him who has known the splendors of
the East, disappoints him; the cases of cannibalism dismay him; this old
regular of well-closed seraglasses judges women "shameless". After
reaching Niger, he descends the great river, which he imagines to be a
tributary of the Nile, visiting Timbuktu and Gao, and reaches
"Taccada" (probably the current Agadès). He returned to Sidjilmasa by
Aïr and Hoggar at the end of 1353.
Ibn Battuta will begin to dictate his
memories soon after, on the orders of the Sultan. The work will be finished in
1356.
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