تقرير انجليزي عن ابن سينا

أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا، عالم وطبيب مسلم من بخارى

بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية عن إبن سينا (Avicenna (ibn Sinعلماء عرب .. نطرح الموضوع باللغة العربية واللغة الانكليزية أبرز إنجازات ابن سينا كتب ومؤلفات ابن سينا

بحث عن ابن سينا سيرة ابن سينا ابن سينا  نشأة ابن سينا وحياته  علوم ابن سينا  العلوم الفلكية  علم الأحياء  علم النبات  الفلسفة أبوطيلون ابن سينا في الإنجليزية عن ابن سينا بالانجليزي ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم

معلومات عن ابن سينا مختصرة موضوع انجليزي عن العالم الرازي تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي

ibn sina

بن سينا معلومة عن ابن سينا معلومات عن ابن سينا مختصرة

الكتب ملحد شيعي انجازات ابن سينا وفاة ابن سينا

AVICENNE / IBN SINA (980-1037)

From his real name Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah Ibn Sina, Avicenna [1] is a doctor and philosopher born in 980 near Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) and died in 1037 in Hamadan (city of Iran). His career and writings are part of a cultural golden age of Islam. His biography is known thanks to the story left by his secretary, disciple and friend al-Djourdjani.

A brilliant career

Ibn Sina was born near Bukhara, Khorasan, into a family of high officials close to Samanid power circles. His family is Shiite, from the Ismaili branch; as for him, he will be converted to Twelver Shiism. He makes brilliant studies, first in his village, then in Bukhara. His teacher is Abu Mansur al-Hasan ibn Nuh al-Qumri, a doctor at the court of the Prince of Bukhara, who dedicates his treatise on medicine to him. Endowed with a prodigious memory, it receives the teaching of great masters, Bukhara being at the time a great metropolis, rich and powerful, attracting artists and intellectuals. His father pays him the best teachers available. He studies religious law (fiqh), court culture (the adab), the Koran, but also the Greco-Roman philosophy that the Arab world discovers and translates at the same time. He would have read more than forty times the Metaphysics of Aristotle, and he confesses that he had the greatest difficulty in understanding this text: he would have helped a treaty of Al-Farabi, famous Arab philosopher. His career is dazzling: at 16, he is already a famous doctor, and he writes his first treatise on philosophy at 21 years old. He does not, however, have the modest triumph: he writes thus, "Medicine being not one of the difficult sciences, I quickly showed my superiority, so that eminent physicians soon studied it under my direction."

He has the chance to heal the Samanid Prince of Bukhara, Nuh ibn Mansur, who recompenses him by appointing him doctor of the palace, which gives him access to the very rich library of the palace. This charge was generally reserved for a Christian, who was thought less likely to want to poison the prince: the fact that Ibn Sina gets this job is indicative of his talent. A few years later, the death of the prince coincides with the death of the father of Ibn Sina, which pushes him to leave Bukhara and to start a traveling life. He travels a little around the Aral Sea, and especially in the Kharezm, which is at the time a small independent state. In Hamadan, Persia, he is named vizier by the Bouyid emir [3] Chams al-Dawla. As close as possible to power, Ibn Sina is bound to court intrigue: when Shams dies in 1021, and the city's soldiers rebel against the new prince, Ibn Sina is thrown into prison. He manages to escape, disguised as a dervish, and takes refuge in Isfahan, Persia. He becomes vizier again, and will remain so until the end of his life. A true workaholic, he managed to reconcile the duties of the highest offices of the State and his literary works, writing hundreds of works, logic, medicine, metaphysics. His reputation is very wide: princes all over Dar al-Islam consult him, students come to follow his teaching. Its reputation became international: at the end of the 11th century, Constantine the African, a monk from the Monastery of Monte Cassino (in Italy), translates texts of Arab medicine, and notes "there is much talk of a new prodigy of the Medicine, born among the pagans, but I could not get his writings. Ibn Sina died in 1037, while leading a military expedition against Hamadan, an intestinal crisis - which he could not cure - exhausted by the excess of work, but also of pleasure. His burial soon becomes the place of popular veneration, which is still the case today.

A major medical work

Even before being a politician, Ibn Sina is a physician, remarkably gifted. He himself translated certain works by Galen and Hippocrates, and practiced dissection to "penetrate the secrets of the human body". His contribution to medicine is based primarily on his own observations, on his direct experience, but also on a rigorous use of logic (he poses premises which he then deduces the logical consequences). His major work remains the Canon of Medicine (Kitab al-Qanun al-Tibb, literally the Book of Medical Laws). This book, brought back to the West by the Crusaders, and translated into Latin between 1150 and 1171 by Gerard Cremona, will have a key influence in the West, replacing Galen, until the scholars of the Renaissance contend (Leonardo da Vinci in particular ).

His work marks great advances in several fields: in gynecology, for example, or in ophthalmology, a field heavily invested by Arab scientists who multiply research on optics and light. Ibn Sina exposes with precision the role of the heart in the circulation of the blood, presses the role of the rats in the propagation of the plague, multiplies the pharmacological experiments: the book IV of his cannon thus enumerates more than 760 drugs. Ibn Sina also conducts complex research in mathematics (especially on infinitesimal bodies) or physics. He pays great attention to prophylaxis: "medicine is the art of maintaining health, and possibly curing disease," he writes as well. He wrote a "poem of medicine" (Urdjuza fi-tib) for princes, in which he exposed the best ways to maintain health among the people. Through this research, Ibn Sina is closer to the news: the Arab world has huge cities (Baghdad is the largest city in the world at the time) in which diseases are increasing. Ibn Sina is also one of the first to take an interest in psychiatric diseases, whose symptoms he rigorously identifies, and among which he classifies love, compared to melancholy or amnesia.

His remarks are not always very original, but his strength lies mainly in their rigorous scheduling, each part being subdivided into several sub-parts and subsections. This is what will appeal to Western Socratic philosophers: Roger Bacon calls him for example "prince of philosophers", not doctors.

A great philosopher

The Arab world was at the time animated by an intense movement of translation of Greek and Latin texts, philosophical or scientific (see the work of D. Gutas). The first caliphs, who discovered the paper in the middle of the eighth century, translated hundreds of books, and attracted to them scientists and intellectuals. The different princes, to imitate them, are also patrons. It was at this time, especially in Baghdad, that classical Arab culture was formed, divided between adab (literary culture), 'ilm (religious culture) and hikma (secular sciences, including medicine and philosophy). We have seen that Ibn Sina enrolled in full: he translates himself texts, and is both great doctor and great philosopher. This golden age of culture also benefits from the emulation between Arab culture and Persian culture: Persian is the vernacular language of Ibn Sina, but he writes most often in classical Arabic. Finally, knowledge is at the time extremely valued socially: Ibn Sina access to high political positions thanks to his intellectual qualities.

In this rediscovery of ancient culture, Aristotle occupies a key place. He is nicknamed "the first master": al-Farabi is the second master, and Ibn Sina will be the third. In particular, he wrote an immense Oriental Philosophy, composed of 28,000 answers to as many questions, which disappeared during the Isfahan sack in 1034. His metaphysical philosophy is articulated around the distinction between essence and existence, and he develops a complex the theory of God, "the necessary Being", the prime force inspiring the intelligence of man. It is in particular this construction, which questions the divine unicity and its relation to humanity, which the West will discover with interest, crossing it with that of Averroes: we speak of Avicennism, a current of ideas which influence including William of Auxerre. Ibn Sina takes up the heritage of Aristotle, for example for political philosophy: the human being is thought of as a social animal. One could say that he passes Aristotelianism to the filter of monotheism: it is thanks to such reflections that the Arab world integrates and appropriates ancient philosophy. His words are also political advice, when he writes, for example, that the successor of the prophet, the caliph, must be designated by the Prophet himself, and reign with the agreement of the people: this is a problem which has divided Islamic State since its inception.

Ibn Sina is also a teacher, with students who follow him everywhere. In his writings, he says that to form new minds is the duty of the scientist: "thus, as a physician, I treated the body of my patients and, as a teacher, I prepared the souls of my students". Here we recognize the influence of Plato. He writes small philosophical fables to develop his ideas in a pedagogical way, and also develops a whole reflection on the education, the care to bring to the children, linking pediatrics and pedagogy. He builds a real paideia (reflection on the place of music and sport in the education of young children, the different ages of life, the balance between body and mind, ...), which gives to the philosopher a key role in the city.

Conclusion

Ibn Sina embodies the cultural golden age of Islam, by his personal qualities, the scope of his research, his brilliant career. His reflection is part of the integration of the Greco-Roman heritage and the formation of classical Arab culture. Soon, he is known throughout the Arab world, and even beyond, and his medical and philosophical writings will have a great influence later, especially in the West. "When I grew up, no city was to my measure," he wrote himself.