الزرزور بالانجليزي

معلومات قصير موضوع انجليزي بحث تقرير بالانجليزي باللغة الانجليزية انشاء البري ماذا يأكل اين يعيش الحيوانات الاليفة  وانواعها  اين تعيش ماذا ياكل مدة حياتها اسماء صغارها

تعبير عن الجمل بالانجليزي تعبير كتابي عن وصف حيوان اليف عبارات قصيره للاطفال

information about    paragraph معنى برزنتيشن  معلومات بسيطه  اسم  نطق كلمة معنى كلمة برجراف حيوان مفترس لاحم عاشب اليف متوحش وحيش الغابة موسوعة عالم الحيوانات برمائي كل شيئ عن تزاوج انواع الانجليزي  الشائعة معنى كلمة بالانقلش بالانجلش اختصارات عن طائر طيور بالانجليزي موضوع عن الحيوانات الاليفة بالانجليزي دورة حياتها

تغذية الحيوانات والحشرات على ماذا تتغذى كيف تتغذى الموسوعة تتذوق الطعام تصنيف

فوائد الجنس للصف الرابع للصف السابع الاول الثاني الثالث الخامس السادس الثامن التاسع كتابة  ذكر اضرار  معلومات طائر انواع  تربية قصة صفات حديقة الحيوانات مقدمة خاتمة عرض المزرعة لرياض الأطفال براعم لائحة اسماء الحيوانات العاشبة اللاحمة حيوانات تاكل النباتات مختلطة التغذية تتغذى الغريزة الحيوانية الكائنات المخلوقات  الحياة البرية تعريف وصف

زرزور بالانجليزي طائر الزرزور الاسود طائر الزرزور العراقي صوت طائر الزرزور زرزور أوروبي زرزور أسود زرزور أبيض البطن صيد الزرزور بالشبك الزرزور الاوروبي

The Starling is a black bird a little smaller than the Blackbird with which it can be confused, but its silhouette is different. The tail is quite short and slightly exceeds the wings long enough to land, while the blackbird has short wings and a long tail. The difference is also seen in flight when we can appreciate the shape of the wings, pointed and broad at the base, as triangular. In addition, the flight is very different. The plumage is black and lustrous while the black robin has black matte.

The new adult plumage, just after the late summer moult, is characterized by black coverts with a pale tip (white, cream, or even russet), which gives the bird a characteristic speckled appearance. As the feathers wear out throughout the winter, the spots gradually fade to give way to a bright black bridal plumage, with green or purplish reflections depending on the location. But there are still some traces that break the uniformity of the plumage, especially in the female. The remiges and the large blankets are hemmed with cream or buff. At the same time, the beak and the legs that were dark at the time of the moult, take colors. It is at their level that a slight sexual dimorphism takes shape. The breeding male has the yellow beak with the bluish base while in the female, the base is pinkish. In addition, the male has legs of a pink-red livelier than the female. He also has more developed ornamental feathers at the throat, which appear well when he sings. The female has an iris a little paler. But everything helps to ensure that adults are in their finery in the spring for reproduction.

The juvenile is very different in appearance to the point that we often think we are dealing with another species. Its plumage is entirely brown-gray and quite clear. Uniformity is simply broken by the buff edges of the feathers of the wing. The bill is blackish with a yellow commissure. The legs are reddish or brownish.

Subspecific information 13 Subspecies

Foreign names

Common Starling, Estornino pinto, Estorninho-malhado, Star, Seregely, Spreeuw, Storno comune, Stare, Stær, škorec obyčajný, špaček obecný, Stær, kottarainen, Europese Spreeu, estornell comú, Stari, szpak (zwyczajny), mājas strazds, škorec , Обыкновенный скворец, 紫 シ ム ク ド リ, 紫 翅 椋 鸟, นก กิ้งโครง พันธุ์ ยุโรป, 歐洲 椋 鳥 鳥 翅 翅 鳥 鳥〕,

Voice singing and shouting

 Starling

play

♫ Imitation of the Oriole Didier Collin copyright

♫ Didier Collin copyright

♫ Jean-Claude Roché copyright

♫ singing XC: Patrik Åberg CC

♫ cry XC: Sander Bot CC

The Starling is a very vocal bird all year long. This is related to his very gregarious temperament, the individuals of a group thus keeping a permanent contact. The repertoire is very vast and almost untranslatable. The different cries are numerous, the most classic being a prolonged "tchrrrriiiiii". There is also a "heinnnn" of concern near the nest or powerful "tenk" for a predator such as the hawk. The young in the nest beg with "sririi sririi srrii" incessant.

The song is a long sentence made of various hisses alternating with more melodious syllables. Squeaky and discordant notes, trills, rolls punctuate the sentences. It includes imitations of many species, passerines and non-passerines. A classic imitation is for example that of the song of the oriole which can deceive the novice. But he also readily imitates the buzzard, the coot, and so on.

Habitat

The Starling has two requirements to be present as a breeder. It needs open environments for ground feeding, and cavities for breeding. It is able to exploit any open environment where it has access to the ground, meadows, natural and artificial lawns, steppic environments, crops, gardens and orchards, mud flats in emptying, intertidal zone at the seaside, etc. Nest cavities can be natural (for example, peak holes in trees being the most traditional ones) or artificial (dilapidated walls and roofs, in town and in the country, nesting boxes and more recently modern street lamps). It becomes forest only for reproduction when it seeks favorable cavities on the margins of the massifs, more rarely in the interior of these.

Grégaire, he spends the night in populous inter-nuptial dormitories, either in woody (urban parks for example), or frequently in phragmitaie at the edge of bodies of water.

Behavior character traits

 Adult starling

The main behavioral trait of the European Starling is its gregarious temperament which drives it to form groups, practically year-round. It is only during nesting that it adopts a territorial behavior towards its congeners, but this territoriality is not marked and authorizes an almost colonial reproduction in the most favorable sectors. Even when nesting, non-nesting adults join community dormitories for protection against predators. And as soon as young people emancipate themselves, families gather together, eat together and spend the night together in dormitories.

The Starling is very terrestrial when it feeds. He actively searches his invertebrate prey on the ground with a quick step, searching the surface of the beak. On the other hand, during the fruit season, it can feed directly on the trees or shrubs bearing, and often in number. This makes it considered very harmful in vineyards or orchards, especially cherry trees.

In breeding season, males become very demonstrative for the possession of cavities and the attraction of females. The song is issued from an obvious perch from which they can be seen, with a typical gesture including half-open wings movements, swelling of the throat bristling with the ornamental feathers, and of course the vocal vocalizations mentioned above.

The introduction of the species into North America, with the increasing number of birds and their aggressive behavior, has led to the decline of other cavity-nesting species.

The starling is often close to humans. In the off-season, it can become a real nuisance because of noise and droppings on urban rest areas.

The flight: The flight of the starling is energetic, fast and direct. The flapping wings are very fast and uninterrupted. Small plane flights precede the poses. When he looks for food on the ground, he also makes short flights to win the right places as soon as possible. Groups of migrants are progressing rapidly, most often at low levels.

But the most spectacular in this species, it is the grouped flights, in particular the evolutions which precede the descent to the dormitory. The groups, which can include several thousand birds, move in the sky forming dense clouds that deform, swish, instantly change direction, fascinating arabesques to see. To arrive at collective evolutions with instant directional changes, we imagine what this implies in terms of cognitive capacity and inter-individual visual communication. The role of the cerebellum is very important.

In the presence of a predator like the hawk, flying starlings close ranks. They say they "form the ball". This is a good indicator for the watchful ornithologist who can in turn detect the predator.

Diet and diet

It is an omnivorous species, but the insectivorous diet in the broad sense predominates in all seasons. Prey is recruited from all arthropods (insects, myriapods, arachnids), but also to earth and other small molluscs. An example of ideal prey, tipulid dipteres and their terrestrial larvae, ubiquitous in the grasslands, on the surface and at shallow depths. The beak is then an essential tool. The young are fed animal prey. They are also such prey that are sought in the mudflats' internuptial period, be it on the coastline with the leashes very rich in arthropods, or in the continental environment on the emptying ponds, two facies where the birds rub shoulders with birds more specialized as waders.

From summer to winter, fruits can take a big importance in the diet. This is without problems for viticulture and arboriculture. An extreme situation in the Mediterranean zone, in the Maghreb for example, where in winter, starlings are found by millions of individuals and fall in the olive groves. Locally, we even went so far as to blow up the dormitories with explosive to get rid of them, with all the collateral damage that we imagine, and without any real solution, given the natural dynamics of the species.

Other sources of food for starlings, artificial ones, technical landfills that provide human food waste year-round, and farms where manure and silage are heavily used.

Nesting reproduction

The starling nest in cavity. The height is indifferent to him, even if he favors the highest cavities. In the forest, he occupies the old boxes of peaks. Because of its size, it is able to get into those of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, the most common species everywhere. That of the Black Woodpecker is too big for him. For cavity occupancy, it is dominant over other potential species, such as chickadees, nuthatches and other flycatchers.

In an anthropised environment, any cavity that is fairly confined and protected from predators can be occupied. The nest is very often under an eave, thanks to a pierced edge board for example. In recent decades, it has adapted to modern street lamps, nestling behind bulbs that must also provide a pleasant atmosphere. The nest boxes may be occupied, of course, but not those for chickadees or other small passerines that have a flight hole that is too small, except if it has been expanded by the Great Spotted Woodpecker. He will prefer a birdhouse with an owl, rollier or hoopoe, hence a certain competition.

The nest is made of very diverse materials, the cup being lined with soft elements such as dry herbs, plant and animal fibers, moss, feathers, if any paper or string, ...

By the end of March or early April in the south of the area, the female lays 4 or 6 deep blue eggs without spot. The bright color is to be linked to cave nesting, eggs not being directly visible from predators. Most of the incubation goes to the female. She is 15 days old. The young leave the nest at about three weeks of age and the parents feed them for a few more days. From their emancipation, gregarious behavior takes over and families gather for their activities.

If the spawning is destroyed, the couple can start a replacement spawn, but with a smaller number of eggs and probably a lower success in the long run.

From a behavioral point of view, the species shows some curiosities. Although this is far from the rule, males can be polygynous. Brood parasitism was also noted. A female may for example take an egg from a foreign nest and replace it with hers.

Distribution

 Distribution

The European Starling breeds from the Atlantic, including its islands (Ireland, North-British Isles, Azores, Madeira and Canaries), to the heart of the Eurasian continent around Lake Baikal at temperate latitudes in the north to the north. at the taiga. Spain is occupied only in the extreme north-west because the species is in competition with its vicariant, the one-colored Starling. It leaves room for the single color in Corsica. In the south-east, the area overflows over Asia Minor and then reaches Iran, southern central Asia, northern Pakistan and the north-east of the Indian continent.

The species is partial migratory. The most northerly populations join in winter temperate regions, the Mediterranean biome in the west and subtropical countries in the east (around the Persian Gulf, southern Pakistan and northern half of the Indian continent).

The starling has been introduced, voluntarily or not, in many parts of the world. And as it is very adaptable, it is now well established in North America where it is still growing and causes the same problems as in Europe, but also in Argentina, in South Africa, in Australia, in New Zealand, etc.

Threats - protection

IUCN Conservation Status

EteintMenacéPréoccupation

mineureÉteint

in the wildQuasi

menacéNon

ratedEX EW CR IN VU NT LC NE

The Starling is a very common species, often in numerical increase and absolutely not threatened. It does not need any special protection.

It is perceived more as a predator, often because of its proximity to humans and its activities, without seeing its beneficial role as a consumer of insects and other pests. In any case, if we want to counteract its negative impact, it is better to focus on prevention and destruction, even if only from an ethical point of view