موضوع عن جابر بن حيان باللغة الانجليزية

تعبير برجراف مقال  نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة

،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story

بحث نشأة وحياته  علوم العلوم الفلكية  علم الأحياء  علم النبات  الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم  معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي  معلومة عن مختصرة

الكتب انجازات وفاة  مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته باختصار مترجم العالم

جابر بن حيان بن عبد الله الأزدي عالم مسلم عربي

 جابر بن حيان  نشأة جابر بن حيان  دراسات جابر بن حيان  دراسة علم الكيمياء  دراسة علم الفلك  نبذة مختصرة عن جابر بن حيان جابر بن حيان أبو الكيمياء

بحث عن جابر بن حيان باللغه الانجليزيه

jabir ibn hayyan انجازات جابر بن حيان تاريخ وفاة جابر بن حيان جابر بن حيان اسمه نشاته انجازاته مولده تعليمه وفاته العلم الذي برع فيه جابر بن حيان جابر بن حيان the invention of verity مولد جابر بن حيان القاب جابر بن حيان

جابر بن حيان the invention of verity مولد جابر بن حيان التاريخ والمكان

انجازات العالم جابر بن حيان في الكيمياء تعليم جابر بن حيان وتحصيله العلمي

وفاة جابر بن حيان  اختراعات جابر بن حيان متى توفي جابر بن

Jabir ibn Hayyan al-Bariqi al-Azdi (Arabic: جابر بن حیان), born in 721 (?) In Tus, Khorasan, Iran - died in 815 in Kufa, Iraq, by his full name Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan Al -Azdi (Arabic: أبو موسى جابر بن حيان الأزدي), was a Muslim alchemist of Yemeni origin, from the tribe al-Báriqi al-Azdi. In France, he is best known in the Latinized form of his name, Geber. He is considered the father of chemistry for being the first to practice alchemy in a scientific way.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan: Biography

Jabir, son of an alchemist and Arab pharmacist emigrated from Yemen, was born around 721 in Tus in Khorassan province. As a young man, Jabir was sent to Baghdad to study the Koran and mathematics. He then becomes the disciple of the famous sixth Shiite Imam Jafar as-Sadiq. He lived most of his life in Kufa, Iraq. Along with his passion for mysticism (he was called al-Sufa) and superstition, he clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation: "The first essential thing in alchemy is that you have to do applied work and experiences, because one who does not do applied work and experience will never reach the highest levels of knowledge. His work constituted significant advances both theoretically and experimentally.

His books clearly influenced the European alchemists and justified their quest for the Philosopher's Stone, Lapis Philosophicus. He is credited with the paucity of a large number of now-used chemical laboratory equipment and processes, as well as the discovery of chemical substances, such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, distillation (which he has taken over Hellenistic Greeks) and crystallization, which became the foundations of modern chemistry and chemical engineering.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan: Alchemical Works

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Jabir has written more than a hundred treatises on various subjects, of which 22 relate to alchemy. Firmly built on experimental observations, his books give a systematization of fundamental chemical processes used by alchemists, such as crystallization, distillation, calcination, sublimation and evaporation. They are therefore a big step in the transformation of the chemistry of an occult art into a scientific discipline. In particular, Jabir guesses that finite quantities of different substances are used during chemical reactions, thus anticipating by almost a millennium the principles of modern chemistry and in particular the law of definite proportions discovered by Joseph Louis Proust in 1794.

He is also credited with the invention and development of several laboratory equipment still in use today. Heir to the Greco-Egyptian alchemists like Zosime of Panopolis, he used the still, which allowed him to make distillations more safely, easier and more efficiently. By distilling salts in the presence of sulfuric acid, Jabir discovered hydrochloric acid (from sodium chloride) and nitric acid (from saltpeter). By mixing the two, he invented aqua regia, which is one of the only chemical reagents that dissolves gold. Beyond its applications for the extraction and purification of gold, this invention was both happiness and desperation of the alchemists for the next millennium. It is also credited with the discovery of citric acid (the basis of lemon acidity), acetic acid (from vinegar) and tartaric acid (from vinification residues).

Jabir applied his knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes, including the manufacture of steel and various metals, the prevention of rust, gilding, the dyeing of clothes, the tanning of leather, as well as the pigment analysis. He developed the use of manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the manufacture of glass to offset the green tints produced by iron, a process still used today. He noticed that the boiling of the wine produces a flammable vapor, thus opening the way for the discovery of ethanol by Al-Razi.

He also proposed a nomenclature of substances, which can be seen as laying the foundation for modern classification of elements. He proposed to separate the substances into three categories: "spirits", which vaporise under the effect of heat such as camphor, arsenic or ammonium chloride; "metals" such as gold, lead, copper and iron; and "stones" that can be ground into powder form.

During the Middle Ages, his treatises on alchemy were translated into Latin and became the reference texts of the European alchemists. Among these are the Kitab al-Kimya ("Book of the Composition of Alchemy"), translated by Robert of Chester in 1144, and the Kitab al-Sab'een ("The 70 books"), translated by Gerard of Cremona (before 1187). Berthelot translated some of his books known as the "Book of the Kingdom", "Book of Balance", "Book of Oriental Mercury". Some technical terms introduced by Jabir passed into European languages ​​and became commonplace words in scientific vocabulary, such as al kali (alkaline).

Jabir became an alchemist at the court of Caliph Haroun al-Rashid. His interest in alchemy was very much inspired by his teacher Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a very learned man and one of the highest authorities in the esoteric sciences. Jabir himself was nicknamed "al-Sufa", which indicates that he belonged to a mystical and ascetic branch of Islam. He wrote the Kitab al-Zuhra ("Book of Venus", the Noble Art of Alchemy) for Haroun al-Rashid. He writes in his "Book of Stones" that "the purpose is to unmask and mislead all but those loved by God and destined to knowledge. His works were deliberately written according to an esoteric code, so that only those who had been initiated into his alchemy school could understand them. It is therefore very difficult for the modern reader to discern which aspects of his writings are to be understood as symbols (and to unravel their meaning) and which ones can be understood literally.

The purpose of Jabir's alchemical works was the artificial creation of life. His research was based theoretically on elaborate numerology related to the Pythagorean and Neoplatonic systems. The nature and properties of the elements were defined through numbers assigned according to the Arabic consonants present in their names.

Jabir added four properties to Aristotle's physics: hot, cold, dry and wet. Each element of Aristotle's physics was characterized by these properties: Fire was hot and dry, Water cold and wet, Earth cold and dry, and Air hot and humid. In metals, two of these properties were interior and two exterior. For example, the lead was cold and dry, and the gold hot and wet. According to Jabir's theory, it should be possible by rearranging the properties of a metal to create a new one. This theory was at the origin of the search for al-iksir, the indefinable elixir that would have made this transformation possible, equivalent to the philosopher's stone in European alchemy.

Jabir's work also concerned medicine and astronomy. Unfortunately, only a few of his books have been published and published, and few are still available for translation.

He also invented the still in the VIII century according to some sources.