معلومات عن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزي

تعبير برجراف مقال  نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة

،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story

بحث نشأة وحياته  علوم العلوم الفلكية  علم الأحياء  علم النبات  الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم  معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي  معلومة عن مختصرة

الكتب انجازات وفاة  مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته باختصار مترجم

أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم (354 هـ/965م-430 هـ/1040م) عالم موسوعي مسلم قدم إسهامات كبيرة في الرياضيات والبصريات والفيزياء وعلم الفلك والهندسة وطب العيون والفلسفة العلمية والإدراك البصري سيرته أعماله كتاب المناظر نظرية الرؤية المنهج العلمي مسألة ابن الهيثم أعمال فيزيائية أخرى الأبحاث البصرية الفيزياء الفلكية أعماله في علم الفلك معلومات عن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزي من هو ابن هيثم انجازات ابن الهيثم ابن الهيثم تعليمه وتحصيله العلمي بحث عن الحسن بن الهيثم كامل ابن الهيثم الكتب وفاة ابن الهيثم ibn al haytham inventions

Ibn Al Haytham, mathematician and 11th century Arab physicist

This scientist, born in present-day Iraq at the end of the Xth century, revolutionized, among others, the science of light. He invents the dark room and is the first to establish that the light of the Moon comes from the Sun and to contradict Ptolemy who said that the eye emitted light.

Ibn Al Haytham (Alhazen in Latin) was born in 965, in the Iraqi city of Basra. After a solid training in Arabic, he began to study philosophy and science and specialized in physics, mathematics and astronomy. In these three domains, he had at his disposal the main Greek works, especially those of Euclid (3rd century BC), Heron of Alexandria (1st century), Archimedes (died 212 BC) and Ptolemy (died around 168). He also studied the most important writings published in Islamic countries before the eleventh century. During his stay in Basra, he reportedly held a major official position. But he seems to have quickly tired of this charge because it was diverting him from his scientific activities. Some time after this episode, he left his hometown to settle in Cairo at the invitation of the Fatimid caliph of the time, Al Hakim (996-1021). The latter is responsible for studying the feasibility of an ambitious project, that of flood control of the Nile. Ibn Al Haytham agreed to lead a scientific mission that was to travel up the river valley to the cataracts. Upon returning from this mission, he informed the caliph that the knowledge of the time was not sufficient to carry out the project. And, to escape from possible sanctions, he simulates madness. Assigned to residence and deprived of his possessions, he occupied his time in copying Greek mathematical works which were bought at a high price. This situation would have lasted until the death of Al Hakim, when our scholar would have found all his mind. Some time later, he moved to the Al-Azhar Grand Mosque and continued his various scientific activities until his death around 1040. The bulk of Ibn Al Haytham's scientific work relates to physics, mathematics and astronomy. But a not insignificant number concerns other disciplines, such as philosophy, speculative theology and medicine. In physics, of the twenty-one books he has published, sixteen deal with the different aspects of optics: theories of light and vision, astronomical phenomena and burning mirrors (apparatus illustrating the propagation of heat in the form of luminous radiation, used as a weapon by Archimedes in Syracuse - Ed.) in the infrared essentially. His most important work in this field is the Optical Book, which is considered by the specialists in the history of physics as the most important contribution made on the subject before the seventeenth century. In astronomy, Ibn Al Haytham has published 28 treatises or articles. Some are theoretical, like those who expose his criticisms against the planetary models of Ptolemy. Others have a practical character, as those which concern the astronomical observation, the study of the gnomons (astronomical instrument to take the height of the sun determined by the length of its shadow projected on a generally flat table),

and the determination of the distances of celestial bodies and their diameters. In mathematics, he is the author of 64 writings more or less voluminous. Only 23 of them have arrived. More than two-thirds deal with geometry and the rest is devoted to the science of calculus, algebra and number theory. In flat and solid geometry, his works extend the contributions of Euclid with new contributions. In geometry of the measure, his contributions are part of the tradition of Archimedes, enriching it with new methods for calculating the volumes of the sphere and paraboloids of revolution. He has also published original results in number theory and systems of equations. In addition to solving many mathematical and physical problems, Ibn Al Haytham reflected on the theoretical methods and tools that allowed him to solve these problems. In physics, he emphasized the role of observation and experimentation in the elaboration of theoretical results. In mathematics, he has analyzed the different forms of evidence involved in establishing a result. Some of the scientific writings of Ibn Al Haytham were studied in Andalus (Spain) before circulating in Europe, thanks to the translations that were made, from the twelfth century, in Toledo and elsewhere. In astronomy, his Epistle on the structure of the universe was first translated into Spanish in the 13th century, before having two translations in Latin and two in Hebrew. But it was mainly his work in optics that made him famous in Europe. Two of his works have been translated into Latin: the Book of Fiery Conical Mirrors and the Book of Optics. The latter will be studied and commented until the seventeenth century. Many scholars, among whom Bacon (died in 1294), Vitello (died after 1280), Kepler (died in 1630) and Fermat (died in 1665) were inspired by his content or referred to it.