تقرير عن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزي

تعبير برجراف مقال  نبذة سيرة انشاء تقرير موضوع برزنتيشن فقرة

،بحث كامل نبذة عن العالم قصة حياة معلومات بالانجليزي من هو مؤلفات انجازات فلسفة بحث جاهز باللغة الانجليزية علماء عرب .. أبرز كتب ومؤلفات The story

بحث نشأة وحياته  علوم العلوم الفلكية  علم الأحياء  علم النبات  الفلسفة ومترجم موضوع انجليزي عن عالم مشهور موضوع انجليزي عن العالم  معلومات مختصرة موضوع تعبير عن شخص مشهور بالانجليزي قصير تعبير عن قدوتي  معلومة عن مختصرة

الكتب انجازات وفاة  مسيرته حياته علمه تلامذته باختصار مترجم

أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم (354 هـ/965م-430 هـ/1040م) عالم موسوعي مسلم قدم إسهامات كبيرة في الرياضيات والبصريات والفيزياء وعلم الفلك والهندسة وطب العيون والفلسفة العلمية والإدراك البصري سيرته أعماله كتاب المناظر نظرية الرؤية المنهج العلمي مسألة ابن الهيثم أعمال فيزيائية أخرى الأبحاث البصرية الفيزياء الفلكية أعماله في علم الفلك معلومات عن ابن الهيثم بالانجليزي من هو ابن هيثم انجازات ابن الهيثم ابن الهيثم تعليمه وتحصيله العلمي بحث عن الحسن بن الهيثم كامل ابن الهيثم الكتب وفاة ابن الهيثم ibn al haytham inventions

Alhazen was born in 980, in the city of Basra in present-day Iraq, where he received his education, which he completed, however, in the city of Baghdad. At the time, Basra was under the control of the Buwayhid dynasty that reigned over Persia at that time. That's why he is sometimes referred to as al-Basri. Although the question is not accepted by everyone, most people agree that he died in Cairo in Egypt in 1040.

Alhazen began his scientific career in his hometown of Basra. He was, however, summoned by the Caliph Hakim who wanted to regularize the floods of the Nile that hit Egypt year after year. On the other hand, after conducting an expedition in the middle of the desert to go back to the source of the famous river, Alhazen realized that this project was practically impossible. Back in Cairo, he feared that the caliph, who was furious at his failure, would take revenge and decide to feign madness. The caliph therefore confined him to his personal residence.

Alhazen took advantage of this time to write several books on various subjects such as astronomy, medicine, mathematics, scientific method and optics. The exact number of his writings is not known with certainty but there is talk of a number between 80 and 200. However, few of these works have survived to this day. Most of them, like his books on cosmology and his treatises on optics, survived only because of their Latin translation.

After the death of the Caliph Hakim, in 1021, Alhazen stopped feigning his madness and was able to leave his residence. He took the opportunity to undertake some trips, especially in Spain.

Most of his research was in optical physics. He was one of the first physicists to study light, one of the first engineers and one of the first astronomers. Contrary to popular belief, he was the first to explain why the sun and the moon seem bigger. (It was long believed that it was Ptolemy) It is also he who contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light. According to him, if the eye was designed this way we could see the night. He understood that the light reflected on objects and then entered the eye.

He was also the first to dissect an eye. He also stated a theory about judgment and recognition of objects. He says that we only recognize objects that we know. Recognition is therefore based on memory and is not just a sensation related to judgment because we do not recognize objects that are unknown to us. He also studied the mechanics of movement and said that an object in motion will keep moving as long as no other force stops it. This is the first law of the movement that Newton will rediscover.

In astronomy he tried to measure the height of the atmosphere and found that the phenomenon of twilight (sunrise and sunset light without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction: the sun's rays must not exceed an angle of 19 ° with the atmosphere. He also spoke of the attraction of the masses and it is believed that he knew the gravitational acceleration.

Alhazen has written several books on optics. In his Kitâb fi'l Manazîr, a book devoted to optical physics and which he took six years to write (1015-1021), he scientifically proves the theory of Aristotle's intromission that light enters the eye . It proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides at 90 ° with the eye that we will see the object reflecting the ray. The image will then form on the lens (this is what he believed) as can be seen in the diagram.

In the same field, he says that the eye could perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the movement of something. He also proved that the eye actually perceives two images even if we only see one.

Unlike the Greeks, according to him the truth is demonstrated by the demonstration and not by the logic and the beauty of the reasoning. This book was translated into Latin in 1270 and pleased the scientists of the Middle Ages. According to him the refraction of the light is caused by a slowing or an acceleration of the light in its displacement. In a denser medium the light travels more slowly according to Alhazen. It also finds a relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction but this ratio is constant only when it is the same material that refracts the radius. He does all his work in a dark room which we owe him the invention. It explains the magnifying power of lenses.

He still did not solve everything. Indeed, he never solved the problem that was named: The Alhazen billiards problem. The problem can be summed up as "find the point, on the edge of a circular billiard, where the tail ball must be sent to come back to hit the black ball after bouncing once on the edge" Alhazen managed to find it through to conic sections, but no one, nor even him, has been able to prove it mathematically using algebra. Several scientists have tried to solve this problem like Huygens who did great things in light. But 1000 years later an Oxford professor completed his work. He proved through algebra and this gives a fourth-degree equation.

Alhazen was a few centuries ahead of several discoveries made by Western scientists during the Renaissance. He was one of the first to use a method of scientific analysis and greatly influenced scientists like Roger Bacon and Kepler.

Alhazen is highly esteemed by the scientific population. His portrait is also on the Iraqi ticket of 10,000 dinars. Another tribute to Alhazen was to name the asteroid 59 239 Alhazen in his honor.