معلومات عن الكرك بالانجليزي

KERAK

Kerak, north wall overlooking the city.

Photo credits: Marielle Gouton

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Particularly known for its castle, which it inherited from the time of the Crusades, the city of Kerak [ 1 ] . has not gone through the history of Jordan . Its strategic location - a triangular plateau at an altitude of about 1,000 meters located a few kilometers east of the Dead Sea, has made it an important political and historical site, from the time of the Crusades and at least until the fall of the Mamluks (early 16th century). And even if, from the Ottoman Empire to today, the city has had a less glorious destiny, the thousand years of history (medieval, modern and contemporary) of Kerak allow to highlight some major issues that the region has could be confronted.

Before the Crusades

If it is at the time of the Crusades that Kerak asserts itself as a particularly important site, it is not unknown for all that. The region seems to have been occupied since the Chalcolithic period. The name of Kerak seems to be inherited from the Moabites (who called him "Qir") and Aramaics ("Karkha"). During the Roman and Byzantine periods, the region sometimes functions as an administrative center, or even beats its own currency. At the end of the Byzantine Empire and during the Islamic period, the city is surrounded by a wall fortified.

At the time of the Crusaders: a particularly strategic site and a castle difficult to take

The Crusaders The site, as we know it today, seems to have been built under Foulques V of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, who seeks to consolidate the territory conquered during the expansionist period of Baldwin I, first king of Jerusalem: it is a question of protecting the kingdom's lines of communication, and of being able to easily encircle and neutralize all rebellion in the Frankish territories. From its beginnings, the cross city of Kerak is designed for purely geopolitical purposes.

It was in 1142 that Payen Le Bouteiller, lord of Outre-Jourdain from 1126 to 1148, began the construction of the castle of Kerak to transfer his power (which was previously concentrated in Montreal Krak - today Chawbak) . This new site gives direct access to the Dead Sea and then to the West Bank, where is the holy city of Jerusalem, then in possession of the Crusaders. It allows a wide control over the entire region.

The construction of the castle lasts from 1142 until around 1160, under the reign of Philippe de Milly. This is an impressive fortification (although simple) because it has many natural advantages and seems difficult to take. The castle is built on a triangular plateau, and its walls follow all along a steep ridge. On the north side of the castle is the entrance, which gives access to the town of Kerak: a deep ditch of about thirty meters separated the city from the castle, but it has been filled since. The other three sides (South, East and West) are quite difficult to reach because of the steep slopes. The Crusader's defenses can be seen particularly well on the east side of the castle, whose wall was reinforced by at least three towers and overhanging a glacis [ 2 ] .

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View of the ruins of Kerak.

Photo credits: Marielle Gouton

The most notable figure related to the history of Kerak is undoubtedly Renaud de Chatillon, who married in 1176 Etiennette de Milly, the "lady of the Crac", heiress of the lord of Jordan Philippe de Milly. Thus, in 1177, seigniory and Kerak enter into his possession. However, Renaud de Chatillon is known to have particularly provoked the Muslims, leading expeditions on the Red Sea or against Mecca. Kerak thus becomes a prime target for Muslims: the castle will be besieged three times in the 1180s. The first time, in October 1183, Saladin besieged the castle, but in December, the royal army of Jerusalem intervened to defend Kerak, forcing the attackers to retreat. In July 1184, the Muslims undertook a new siege, which failed again because the defenders were able to build effective siege engines during the winter: Saladin, who then decided to concentrate his army on the north side of the castle, must to give up again because the royal army threatens again to come to the aid of Renaud de Chatillon. The last siege, led by the nephew of Saladin, Sa'd al-Din, in March 1188, will this time be successful: indeed, although the defense holds, the heavy defeat of the royal army in Hattin in 1187 (where Renaud de Chatillon is killed) leaves no hope for Kerak's soldiers to be rescued; the famine finally forced them to capitulate in October-November 1188, and legend has it that the Muslims would have left the vanquished free, so much had they shown courage and bravery. So, after the capitulation of the Crusaders, Kerak becomes Ayyubid.

The Ayyubids In 1192, the territories of Egypt and Syria are divided between members of the Ayyubid family of Saladin. The latter's brother, Al-'Adil, receives part of the current Jordanian territory, and where Kerak plays an important economic and strategic role. Thus, the city hosts a garrison, and becomes a place of storage (treasure for example).

The strategic importance of Kerak can be seen particularly well in 1218-1219 when, following the capture of the Egyptian port of Damietta by the Crusaders [ 3 ] , the Ayyubids offer to exchange the port of Damietta for a truce of thirty years and the former territories of the Latin Kingdom (including Jerusalem), with the exception of the castles of Kerak and Chawbak: now, the Crusaders refuse the offer, especially because Kerak is not returned to them. And the Muslims, for their part, do not want to see the castle fall into the hands of their enemies, because that would mean that Syria and Egypt would be separated again by Jordan.

During the Ayyubid period, Kerak was first under the control of Damascus, but under ad-Nasir Da'ud, the city became an almost autonomous principality. Even if it enjoys a favorable economic situation, it can not compete with the power of Damascus or Cairo. And it is without playing any particular role that it crosses, like the rest of the region, the upheavals experienced by the Ayyubids between 1249 and 1263, when Kerak is taken by the Mamluk Sultan Baybars.

Kerak within the Mamluk Sultanate

During the Mamluk period, and particularly at the instigation of Sultan Baybars, Kerak played a particularly important role in the fight against the Crusaders: from 1263, the Sultan conducted a vast military campaign to retake or destroy the sites crossed. He is also seeking to secure the pilgrimage route to southern Jordan, with Kerak being an important gateway to Mecca. In 1276, Baybars went there to settle a beginning of rebellion.

Kerak also holds some importance: the Mamluk treasure chamber and warehouse of yields and harvests, it also serves as a "golden" prison for disgraced power.

If the city subsequently loses some of its importance (because it is progressively marginalized from Syrian regions in relation to Syrian political life), it is nevertheless important in the strategies of social and political rise: for example, many nayebs [ 4 ] were first in power in Kerak, and so were able to gain high rank in Syria or Egypt.

It should be noted, finally, that the Kerak tribes are gaining an increasingly important political role under the Mamluks, as the sultans have forged strong ties with them (from the reign of An-Nasir Muhammad in the early fourteenth century) and trust them to protect Kerak Castle.

The Ottoman period: a city left to itself

Following the collapse of Mamluk power in the early 16th century, and the arrival of the Ottomans, Kerak is increasingly on the margins of the new empire. In this respect, the route of the pilgrimage to Mecca is deviated: it no longer passes through Kerak, but further east, by what will later become the Hijaz railroad. This diminishes the importance of this geographical area, and explains that Kerak was able to experience a certain independence from the middle of the 16th century to 1893.

Indeed, at the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566), the powerful Tamimiyya tribe in Kerak rebels against the Ottoman power. After the failure of the negotiations undertaken by the Ottomans, the city is left to itself for a long time; indeed, if some punitive expeditions are to be noted in 1678-1679 and 1710-1711, the Ottomans do not take again the power.

Thus, until 1893, the story of Kerak is essentially a tribal story and infighting for power. From the end of the seventeenth century, the city is dominated by the Majali merchant family, which combines with different tribes (Bani Sakhr, Bani Hamida and Hijaya) to better impose on others (the 'Amr in particular) , before alienating his allies and chasing them from the region one after the other. These rivalries for political power and these games of very complex temporary alliances lead to a violent period in the second half of the eighteenth century.

These political conditions finally help the Ottomans to regain power. In fact, in 1892, one of the sons of the Majali chief was killed by the Bani Sakhr: the Majali wanted to retaliate, taking advantage of the fact that the Bani Sakhr were attacked by another tribe (Ruwala, Syrian desert); but the Bani Sakhr, feeling trapped, call the Ottomans to rescue them. Thus, the latter impose themselves in the region: they set up in particular an administration, schools, a military hospital, a garrison of 2,000 men and 200 riders.

Nevertheless, tribes continue to challenge sporadically the central power: for example, in 1910, they revolt against taxation, conscription and restrictions to use firearms. This rebellion failed, but soon became an amnesty when, in 1911, the Ottoman Empire entered the war against Italy.

From the Arab Revolt to today

During the First World War, the city of Kerak does not play a special role. Very few of Keraki [ 5 ] participated in the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans (1916-1918); on the contrary, they rather support the Empire and mobilize themselves in the Ottoman forces.

The continuation of Kerak's history is quite common to other cities or regions of Jordan: integrated into the Emirate of Transjordan, it is initially difficult to assert the power, but the order is finally established; It must be noted, however, that tribal disputes ceased in the late 1920s, even before the action of John Bagot Glubb, which was so decisive in other areas. The inter-war period saw the sedentarization of most tribes .

During the Emirate, local politics changed little of what had been put in place by the Ottomans, and Kerak is again on the outskirts of Transjordan: the fact that there is no anti-Zionist demonstration (unlike Irbid for example) seems to attest to the weak involvement of the city in the political and geopolitical issues of the country or the Middle East.

After 1948 and the creation of the Hashemite kingdom, Kerak is increasingly integrated with the central government. The Kerakis are ardent defenders of the dynasty, and many of the Majalis and other tribes serve in the Arab Legion . Similarly, Hazza 'Al-Majaly ("the Majali") was appointed Prime Minister several times (before being assassinated in 1960), and Habis Pasha Al-Majaly was commander-in-chief of the army during the Six-Day War (1967), then becomes Minister of Defense.

Today, Kerak is a medium-sized city, the seventh in the country: in 2010, it had 68,000 inhabitants, against 2 million for the Jordanian capital Amman, and 650,000 for Irbid. It is the capital of the governorate of Kerak, 6th in population.

The castle of Kerak is now the main testimony of the prestigious past of the city, where the traces of the different cultures (Crusaders, Arabs ...) that have succeeded one another.

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