بحث عن salah al din

Saladin ... A legendary name, both in the West and in the East, which drains with it a whole lot of other mythical figures and places and great historical events: Richard Lionheart, Jerusalem, the Crusades, Hattin, the Assassins, ... A name that is also very often associated with exceptional human qualities, that even among its opponents in the West we did not hesitate to qualify as "chivalrous". But who was really Saladin, and especially how was (and did he build himself) his destiny? Why and how did he become a legend in the Christian West and a myth in the Muslim East?

Rather than developing a simple biography of the sultan, one will try here to understand its importance in the ideology of the holy war, the jihad (the "counter-crusade" of the Muslims for that time), with the central importance of Jerusalem, then the way in which he was recovered as a figure and a character both in the West and in the East, until today.

Serving the Turks and Assaulting Egypt

From his real name Salâh al-Din Ibn Ayyub, he comes from a Kurdish family who made a fortune in the service (especially military) of Zankî (or Zengi). The Zankids are from the Seljuk Turkish line, and Ayyub, Saladin's father, was governor of Tikrit (birthplace of Saladin in about 1138, and of ... Saddam Hussein) on their behalf, before assisting Nûr al-Din. during the conquest of Damascus in 1154.

At the death of Ayyub, his brother Shirkûh was charged by Nur al-Din (under the authority of the caliph of Baghdad) of the Egyptian campaign of 1164, to help the vizier Shawâr in struggle with the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid. The young Saladin accompanies him, and it is there that he makes his first weapons quickly showing his skill, especially political. The men of Nur al-Din, after repelling an attack by King Amaury on Egypt, decided to take matters into their own hands: they began by murdering Shawar, the very one they had come to support, and Saladin's uncle is named in his place by the Fatimid caliph!

hattin2

But Shirkuh dies quickly, and Saladin succeeds him; the caliph then makes the mistake of underestimating him. We are in 1169, and the young vizier manages during the next two years to manage an impossible situation: sent by Nûr al-Din, he is therefore "vassal" of the Abbasid Sunni caliph of Baghdad ... but exercises his office under the authority of Shia Fatimid caliph! In 1171, sure of his strength, he eliminated the Fatimid Caliph and put his hand alone on Egypt ; he then becomes openly a rival of his former master Nûr al-Din. The latter, however, died in 1174, and Saladin had no trouble defeating his successors. In the early 1180s, he seated his power over a region ranging from Syria and Northern Iraq, up to Libya current and western part of the Arabian Peninsula, including obviously all of Egypt.

However, he is already a unifying Muslim, still under the authority of the Caliph of Baghdad, which gives him the title of Sultan. For this, he decides to choose a common goal to the umma: jihad for the reconquest of Jerusalem.

Jihad and Jerusalem at the center of his propaganda

Hattin From the 1170s, he made the fight against the Crusaders the cornerstone of his policy, organizing a real propaganda. He encourages the warlike interpretation of the Jihad concept, a banner behind which he wants to unite Muslims and establish his legitimacy, especially vis-à-vis the Zankids, "false" Allah's warriors according to him. In this, he perpetuates and amplifies the inheritance of Nur al-Din, as shown by the symbolic gesture of handing over the minbar of his former master in the mosque of al-Aqsa in Jerusalem. Some historians have hinted that Jihad was Saladin's pretext for building a personal empire, but it can not be denied that he was also a sincere believer. His certain thirst for conquest was not necessarily incompatible with his desire to serve his God.

He places Jerusalem at the center of his jihadist propaganda, while the city is only the third holy city of Islam. This will be decisive for the campaign of 1187, which will largely create its legend. Indeed, he took advantage of the repeated provocations of his sworn enemy, the very agitated Renaud de Chatillon, to launch a great offensive against the Latin States in 1186. In the past, he had various fortunes against the Crusaders, including a defeat in 1177 in Montgisard facing the young leper King Baudouin IV, but this time he is much better prepared, and above all, he managed to unite all the Muslims in the region behind him. He triumphed first at Hattin in July 1187, where the crusader army was wiped out and Renaud beheaded with his hand, then Jerusalem fell easily in October of the same year.

The following is as well known, especially in the West: the fall of the Holy City causes the Third Crusade and the arrival of Philippe Auguste and especially Richard Lionheart. This one becomes a fearsome but respected enemy of the Sultan, and the crusade ends with the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192, which ratifies a status quo. Saladin dies in 1193.

Legend and myth, from the West to the East

Saladin's path to posterity has been much more complicated and astonishing than one might think.

First, it was celebrated first ... in the West ! From the beginning of the thirteenth century, songs of gesture celebrate her warlike qualities, but also her great leniency and courtesy towards women. Those who fought him, like Richard, are full of praise for him, just like those who met him - a source says that Aliénor d'Aquitaine would have had a crush on him, which his age at the time of Richard's mother's presence in the Holy Land is unlikely, but shows how far the legend can go (especially associated with the reputation of nymphomaniac of the wife of Louis VII) ... - or those who were his captives, like Sibylle, queen of Jerusalem, who says that Saladin treated her remarkably well.

How to explain this positive vision? Mainly probably because it is more rewarding to have fought a valiant opponent, this is particularly the case for a Richard fond of building his own legend, or to have been defeated by an exceptional being. Nor should we exclude the other, darker legends about Saladin who, this time, compared him to a demon and a pitiless, bloodthirsty being, with Hattin as his prime example, where he had all the Templars. Anyway, positive or negative, the legend of Saladin has persisted in the West, resumed in the eighteenth century and until the late nineteenth, when the Emperor William II pays respectfully to his tomb in Damascus, participant even to its renovation!

saladin2 What about the East? Well, the way is almost the opposite: Saladin is far from being celebrated after his death, even if he enjoys an undeniable prestige thanks to his reconquest of Jerusalem. In the first place, it leaves an empire certainly vast, but very fragile and almost ruined. His difficulties with Richard the Lionheart also undermined his reputation for invincibility, and his religious tolerance of the dhimmis (Christians and Jews) irritates the most radical ulama (scholars of Islam). Above all, his successors are divided and, worse, restore a time Jerusalem to the crusaders of Frederick II! They are overthrown by the Mamluks in Egypt in 1250.

This is the decisive moment that is detrimental to Saladin's posterity, because the new dynasty erects into myth its own hero, Baybars, winner of the Mongols and Crusaders. This is the true Muslim hero up to the Ottoman Empire included ... We must actually wait for the nineteenth and especially the twentieth century to reappear the figure of Saladin; to this several explanations: the context sees a weakened Ottoman Empire facing the West and a Turkish caliphate challenged by the Arabs at the end of the 19th century, then the emergence of Arab nationalism, especially after the Second World War.

موضوع انجليزي عن الماء للصف الثامن فقرة  برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزية  انشاء موضوع انجليزي عن ابدا قصير كيفية كتابة موضوع     تعبير باللغة الانجليزية توجيهي قواعد كتابة تعبير  بالانجليزي طريقة سهلة لكتابة تعبير بالانجليزي موضوع تعبير انجليزي يصلح لكل المواضيع كتابة تعبير بالانجليزي عن نفسك وصف تعبير انجليزي يصلح لكل المواضيع موضوع انشاء شامل لكل المواضيع موضوع يصلح لجميع المواضيع موضوع تعبير انجليزي جاهز برجراف ينفع لاى موضوع  موضوع انجليزي عن الماء قصير وسهل فوائد بالانجليزي عبارات  بالانجليزي طويل اهمية مترجم ثالث ثانوي اول ثاني ثانوي متوسط خمس سبع ثمان تسع اربع جمل كلمات كلام مقال علمي مقدمة بحث انجليزي حلول اسباب حل مشكلة طويل شعر وصف قدوتي في الحياه انشودة نشيد كلام جميل حالات واتساب 

موضوع عن صلاح الدين الايوبي بالانجليزي

معلومات عن صلاح الدين الايوبي للصف الخامس الابتدائي

معلومات عن صلاح الدين الايوبي مولده ووفاته ابرز صفاته واهم انجازاته

اعمال صلاح الدين الايوبي بالانجليزي

salah aldeen al ayoubi

موضوع قصير عن صلاح الدين الايوبي

قلعة صلاح الدين بالانجليزي

salah al din a true hero

معلومات بسيطة عن صلاح الدين الايوبي للاطفال.