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Coronaviruses are a family of many viruses that can cause a variety of illnesses in humans, from the mildest to the most dramatic. Since the end of 2019, a new coronavirus has been identified in China: SARS-CoV-2. Like the rest of the coronaviruses, it is mainly responsible for colds or flu-like conditions. In some individuals, the infection is even asymptomatic (no symptoms). However, in others, the pathology is much more severe and causes respiratory complications, sometimes fatal. Much research is currently underway in several countries to find a drug capable of curing patients with COVID-19 or to find a vaccine.
What are coronaviruses? coronavirus-families
Coronaviruses are viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family that cause digestive and respiratory infections in humans and animals. The virus gets its name because of its appearance: it is surrounded by a crown-shaped protein capsule.
This type of virus is easily transmitted from person to person by air, by contact with secretions or contaminated objects. The incubation period before symptoms lasts between 3 and 6 days. Treatments, when necessary, are symptomatic.
To note ! Coronavirus infections are poorly diagnosed due to their predominantly mild nature and their spontaneous recovery. Indeed, coronaviruses are very widespread, and generally cause mild symptoms (colds and flu-like symptoms) in humans, however three types of coronavirus have been at the origin of serious epidemics: SARS-CoV responsible for an epidemic. worldwide between November 2002 and July 2003, Mers-Cov identified in 2012 in the Middle East and very recently SARS-CoV-2.
SARS-Cov
During the SARS-CoV epidemic, the first coronavirus caused serious illness in humans, more than 8,000 cases were recorded in 30 countries including 774 deaths, or a mortality of around 10%. This epidemic started with several cases in Guangdong province in China linked to the consumption of infected civet meat. Due to the movement of infected people, the infection then spread to Vietnam, Singapore, Canada, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and the United States. Transmission was from the air through respiratory droplets or direct contact with secretions or contaminated objects.
This epidemic was controlled thanks to:
The triggering of a global alert by WHO;
Stopping the consumption of civets in China;
Early detection of suspected cases;
Isolation of patients from the first symptoms;
Support for people who have been in contact with patients;
Protection of caregivers.
In France, all suspected cases had to be reported and placed in strict isolation. Individuals who came into contact with the patients were quarantined for 10 days at their homes, and received regular monitoring.
437 suspected cases had been reported, and 77 people who had been in contact had been followed up. Finally, 7 probable cases had been identified including 1 death.
MERS-CoV
The first cases of MERS-CoV infection date back to 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The virus continues to be transmitted even today. To date, 1,589 cases have been recorded, including 567 deaths, or a mortality of around 30%, in 26 countries. This virus would have been transmitted to humans by dromedaries (via secretions). Human-to-human transmission takes place through the air, via airborne droplets. However, MERS-CoV is poorly transmissible. The virus attacks more severely in people who are immunocompromised or have chronic conditions (eg diabetes or chronic lung infection)
WHO is still monitoring the spread of this virus by identifying new cases. Preventive measures have been adopted: wearing of a mask, a gown and rigorous hand washing for the dromedary caretakers, the isolation of suspected cases.
In France, 2 cases were diagnosed in 2013 and were isolated at the Lille University Hospital.
SARS-CoV-2
The animal responsible for transmission to humans has not yet been identified with certainty. Several publications implicate the pangolin, a small mammal eaten in China.
The incubation period is between 2 and 12 days. Like other coronaviruses, the onset of the disease is gradual. Mortality is estimated between 1 and 2%. Unlike other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 is extremely contagious, several tens of thousands of French people already carry the virus, with or without symptoms.
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