تعبير بالانجليزي عن مزايا وعيوب استكشاف الفضاء

تعبير بالانجليزي عن مزايا وعيوب استكشاف الفضاء

مميزات وعيوب استكشاف الفضاء

برجراف عن مميزات وعيوب استكشاف الفضاء

مقال عن استكشاف الفضاء بالانجليزي

كلمات عن الفضاء باللغة الانجليزية

موضوع عن استكشاف الفضاء

فوائد استكشاف الفضاء بالانجليزي

تعبير عن الفضاء

تعريف الفضاء بالانجليزي

 

 

 

BENEFITS

EXAGERATED EXPLORATION

SPATIAL

 

  

  

          The thirtieth anniversary of the moon landing of the Apollo 11 module has awakened the patriotic fiber that never sleeps very deeply in most Americans. However, some influential commentators have retained their critical thinking and openly questioned what was the use of such an extraordinarily expensive space program (1).

 

 

          NASA supporters then drew out the old tune according to which the technical and scientific advances of the American agency had had important repercussions in the civilian economy, an argument which resurfaces whenever space and military administrations have to justify their budgets. . While it is not totally wrong, it must nevertheless be put into perspective.

  

Technology transfer

 

          It cannot of course be denied that certain advances made in the context of space exploration have had interesting commercial spinoffs. For example, some NASA administrators let us know a few years ago that a new biopsy and mammography technique is a direct result of research conducted for the Hubble Space Telescope (2).

 

          Their colleagues from the European Space Agency have for their part set up a catalog containing more than two hundred illustrations of the reuse of techniques associated with their program. In particular, we learn that wheels with magnetic bearings playing a vital role in stabilizing satellites limit the noise and vibrations of magnetic resonance scanners to treat cancer patients. A biomechanical recorder and the like that have been developed to study and improve the work of astronauts would make it possible to audit the movements of professional athletes and record complex movements of stuntmen in film production, and so on (3) .

  

          If the phenomenon is undeniable, it is however wrong to believe that it is essentially limited to the space and military sectors, because the history of techniques is only a long series of reuse of techniques from one domain to another. There are in fact two scenarios which are always the same. In the first, skilled technicians solve a problem in one area and subsequently realize that the know-how they have developed could solve other problems in other areas. In the second, technicians having to solve a problem are inspired by a technique or a way of doing things that they observe in another context. Transfers of techniques between different fields of activity are therefore commonplace.

 

 

“The history of techniques is only a long

series of reuse techniques

from one domain to another. "

 

 

 

          Elihu Thomson, one of the main technicians behind the success of General Electric, remarked in 1869 that hardly a day went by without a new use for electricity being discovered (4). At the turn of the century, the zipper was slow to establish itself in the clothing industry, the market targeted by its designers, but in the meantime the latter found outlets for it in the manufacture of purses, combinations of Wind resistant aviators, life jackets, rubber boots, in pencil cases and protective tarps for boats. It was not until twenty years after the development of the first truly functional prototype that it found an outlet in women's clothing (5).

  

          The American bicycle industry at the end of the last century also illustrates the phenomenon. Techniques historian David Hounshell recounts that it is the manufacturers of arms, sewing machines and other small manufactured items on the Atlantic coast who will redirect their production to this growing sector, while simultaneously in the region of Great Lakes manufacturers of horse-drawn carriages, railroad cars, wooden toys and agricultural machinery will do the same (6).

  

          We can see the same phenomenon in the Swiss watch industry where several companies have diversified into surgical tools, industrial springs, surface treatments for eyewear, pens, mechanical barometers, micromechanical subcontracting, insulin pumps, pacemakers, sensors and special mirrors (7). Gordon Moore, founder and director of Intel, makes a long list of the different uses of microchips found in particular in televisions.