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Biography of Thomas Addison

 

 

English physician Thomas Addison (1793-1860), a member of a famous group of doctors at Guy's Hospital in London, was the first to describe disease of the endocrine glands and the type of anemia now known as Addison's. disease.

Thomas Addison was born in April 1793 in Long Benton near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. His father, Joseph Addison, was a grocer and flour merchant. Thomas studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and took his MD in 1815. He then held various posts in hospitals in London, and in 1819 he was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians. from London. Although he is now a fully qualified physician, he entered as a student at Guy Hospital around 1820. In 1824 he was appointed assistant physician to that hospital and in 1837 a full physician. A keen clinical observer and a brilliant teacher, he did much to create fame for Guy's medical school.

Addison's medical writings were not numerous but very important. In 1829, in collaboration with John Morgan, he published the first work on toxicology in English. Much of his work - including his important observations on pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, and fatty liver disease - appeared in Guy's Hospital Reports. He gave the first description of appendicitis in his and Richard Bright's Elements of the Practice of Medicine (vol. 1, 1839), most of which was written by Addison.

In 1849 Addison read to a London medical society a paper on anemia with disease of the suprarenal bodies. This type of anemia was different from the then known anemias (it was always fatal) and on autopsy, Addison had occasionally found adrenal disease. The document has gone unnoticed. After further research Addison published in 1855 his classic work On Constitutional and Local Effects of Supra-renal Capsule Disease, in which he described Addison's (pernicious) anemia and Addison's disease.

Addison's anemia

This disease is described in the short introduction to the book. He gave a general description of this anemia, which he had lectured on since 1843. It occurred in middle-aged people and was almost always fatal. Since he did not know the cause, he called it "idiopathic anemia".

Addison's clinical description of this anemia is, as far as it goes, a classic, and therefore it is often called Addison's anemia. But, in his day, the microscopic examination of blood was little known, and therefore he did not know the characteristic blood picture. These and other features were first described in 1872 by Anton Biermer of Zurich, who called the disease “pernicious anemia”. Outside of the English-speaking world, it is often called Biermer's anemia. The discovery in the period 1925-1930 of the cause of the disease and of satisfactory methods of treatment completely changed the outlook, and the term "pernicious" was no longer appropriate.

Addison's disease

The entire text of Addison's book is devoted to his description of a new disease characterized by "anemia, general languor and debility, remarkable weakness of the action of the heart, irritability of the heart. stomach and a peculiar color change in the excellence of his clinical description of the disease, and of its priority, has never been questioned, and his account of the peculiar bronze skin color is exceptional. He described 11 cases, with an autopsy in each. In each of them he found a lesion in the adrenal glands, and three quarters of these lesions were due to tuberculosis.

Before Addison wrote, nothing was known about the function or disease of the adrenal glands, and her book states that one of its main purposes was to stimulate others to investigate their function. But significant scientific research of these glands, leading to the discovery of adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisone and other steroids, was not started until the end of the 19th century. By 1855, no other endocrine gland had been discovered, so Addison was the founder of clinical endocrinology.

Later life

Addison's interests were all focused at Guy Hospital, and he paid little attention to private practice. By the end of the 1850s his health began to decline and, hoping for improvement, he resigned his hospital posts in early 1860 and moved to Brighton. He died there on June 29, 1860.

          Further reading on Thomas Addison

There is an excellent biography of Addison by Sir Samuel Wilks, his former pupil and successor at Guy Hospital, in A Collection of the Published Writings of Thomas Addison, MD, edited by Wilks and Daldy (1868).

 

 

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