تعبير الحضارة الرومانية باللغة الانجليزية

  

الحضارة الرومانية باللغة الانجليزية

تعبير انجليزي عن الحضارة

تعبير عن الحضارة بالانجليزي

الحضارة الرومانية باللغة الانجليزية

بحث عن الحضارات بالانجليزي

بحث عن الحضارة الفرعونية باللغة الانجليزية

فقرة بالانجليزية عن civilization

تقرير عن الحضارة الهندية باللغة الانجليزية

الحضارة الرومانية باللغة الانجليزية

فقرة بالانجليزية عن الحضارة

معلومات عن الحضارات بالانجليزي

تعبير عن الحضارات بالانجليزي

تعبير عن الحضارة بالانجليزي

الحضارات القديمة بالانجليزية

بحث عن الحضارة باللغة الانجليزية

تقرير عن الحضارة باللغة الانجليزية

الحضارة بالانجليزي

Culture of ancient

Romeبحث حول الحضارة الرومانية بالانجليزي

the Roman civilization -

الحضارة الرومانية بالإنجليزية Ancient Rome ،

 الحضارات القديمة بالانجليزية

الحضارة الرومانية باللغة الانجليزية

فقرة بالانجليزية عن civilization

معلومات عن الحضارات بالانجليزي

تعبير عن الحضارات بالانجليزي

تعبير عن الحضارة المصرية بالانجليزي

Ancient Rome is both the city of Rome and the state it founds in ancient times. The idea of ancient Rome is inseparable from that of Latin culture. This grouping of villages in the 8th century BC. J.-C. succeeded in dominating the whole of the Mediterranean world and of Western Europe from the 1st to the 5th century by the military conquest and by the assimilation of the local elites. Its domination has left important archaeological traces and numerous literary testimonies. It has shaped the image of Western civilization forever. During these centuries, Roman civilization passed from a monarchy to an oligarchic republic and then to an autocratic empire.

The picture of a city progressing continuously does not fully correspond to the complexity of the facts. Its history has not been that of a continuous growth: progress (of very varied rhythms) has succeeded stagnations or sometimes even retreats. But the Romans managed to solve the internal difficulties arising from the conquest under the Republic by transforming their republican institutions. The foundation of the Empire by Augustus marks the beginning of a period when the Roman conquest reached the limits of the world known at the time, and Roman civilization, influenced in part by the Greeks, permanently influenced the conquered regions. From the third century onwards, the Roman world was subjected to the great invasions of the Barbarians from Northern Europe and Asia. To resist it, they needed to create a bureaucratic and military structure, which did not prevent the brilliant revival of the fourth century and the establishment of Christianity as a state religion. After the separation between East and West in 395, new invasions put an end to the Empire in the West in 476.

In the wake of internal instability and attacks on the migration of peoples, the western part of the Empire, including Hispania, Gaul, Britain, North Africa and Italy, split into independent kingdoms at the end of the fifth century. The eastern part of the Empire, governed from Constantinople, including Greece, Anatolia, Syria and Egypt, survived this crisis. Despite the loss of Syria and Egypt, for the benefit of the emerging Arab-Islamic empire, reborn and live another millennium, until it was finally destroyed by the Ottoman Empire. This medieval and Christian empire, called "Roman Empire" by its inhabitants, but which modern historians generally call the Byzantine Empire, is the last evolutionary stage without interruption in the imperial power and administration of the Roman Empire.

Roman civilization is often grouped in classical antiquity with ancient Greece, a civilization that inspired much of the culture of ancient Rome. In addition to the model of power which it created and bequeathed, and of which no longer are the princes who wished to imitate or inspired it, ancient Rome contributed greatly to the elaboration of law, institutions and laws, war, art and literature, architecture and technology as well as languages in the Western world. Its history continues to have a major influence on the world today.

Roman architecture is the art of designing spaces and building buildings that develops during ancient Rome, from the fifth century BC. AD in the 4th century AD. It adopts certain aspects of the architecture of ancient Greece in direct and indirect ways through contacts with Great Greece and by the use of techniques of Etruscan architecture which itself finds its origin in Greek architecture. In the Roman monuments, the aesthetics of the Greek buildings can be found in the use of architectural orders (of which the Corinthian order is the most widespread) and marble which mixes with the techniques inherited from the Etruscans, such as their know-how in hydraulic engineering (sewer systems, fountains, tunnels, bridges).

The high population density of the Roman cities and the public health problems prompted the Romans to explore new methods of construction and to create an original architecture that stands out from Hellenistic influences. The use of the vault and the arch, combined with the emergence of new building materials, enabled the Romans to build imposing and unpublished buildings for public use: aqueducts, large thermal complexes, basilicas or still the amphitheatres. According to the Roman architects, the public buildings had to be impressive to strike the imagination of the people but they also had to be practical and adapted to their functions. These new types of buildings are built in impressive dimensions in Rome and reproduced on a smaller scale in the cities of the Empire.